Current LSAT Score Percentiles

Have even more LSAT score questions? Here are the LSAT Score FAQs - with answers! Â   If youve gotten your LSAT score report back, you may have noticed that under the LSAT Score Data section, theres a percentile ranking based on your score. Many people have no idea what this little number really means! If youre one of them, heres your LSAT score percentile explanation, along with a chart delineating each of the score percentiles based on testers from June 2010 – February 2013. Why Should I Care About My LSAT Score Percentile? Yes, how well youve fared on the LSAT compared to others whove taken the test during your administration isnt the only thing you should be concerned about. In fact, your LSAT score is just one of many things that will be evaluated to make admissions decisions about you. Things like the following attributes listed by LSAC are also considered: Undergraduate GPAUndergraduate course of studyGraduate work, if anyCollege attendedImprovement in grades and grade distributionCollege curricular and extracurricular activitiesEthnic/racial background LSAT Scores By Gender and Ethnicity Individual character and personalityLetters of recommendation/evaluationsWriting skillsPersonal statement or essayWork experience or other postundergraduate experiencesCommunity activitiesMotivation to study and reasons for deciding to study lawState of residencyObstacles that have been overcomePast accomplishments and leadershipAnything else that stands out in an application However, your LSAT score is a means with which to compare you to other students on a very similar scale. Everything else about you is unique! Your LSAT score, within a certain degree of statistical reliability, can be counted on to provide an unbiased look at how you perform on logical, analytical, and reading comprehension questions. Whats a good LSAT score for some of the top schools in the country? LSAT Score Percentiles Explanation When you receive your LSAT score report (they usually come about three weeks after youve tested via email if you have an LSAC.org account and four weeks via snail mail if you dont), then youll see a section called your LSAT Score Data section. In this section, youll see information for every time youve sat for the LSAT in the past five years. Your LSAT scores, your score percentile ranks, the dates youve taken the LSAT, and your LSAT score bands, which are simply the ranges in which you scored, will be reported for every one of your test dates. If youve taken the LSAT more than once, youll see an average LSAT score reported based on every one of your performances, too. Lets say that the percentile rank listed for the test you took in June was an 83%. Your score was a 161. That percentage means that you scored higher than 83% of the test-takers who sat for the June test. Another way of looking at it is that youre in the top 17% of testers for that administration. LSAT Score Percentile Chart for June 2010 – February 2013 Below, youll find the average score percentiles for every tester who took the LSAT between the dates listed above. Its helpful to compare your current LSAT score report to this list to see how you fit into a larger pool of testers. The scaled score is listed to the left and the percentile score is listed to the right. 180: 99.9%179: 99.9%178: 99.9%177: 99.8%176: 99.7%175: 99.5%174: 99.3%173: 99.0%172: 98.6%171: 98.2%170: 97.4%169: 96.6%168: 95.8%167: 94.5%166: 93.2%165: 91.5%164: 89.9%163: 87.7%162: 85.3%161: 83.0%160: 80.3%159: 77.2%158: 73.7%157: 70.8%156: 66.9%155: 63.4%154: 60.2%153: 56.0%152: 51.6%151: 47.8%150: 44.4%149: 40.3%148: 36.8%147: 33.5%146: 30.0%145: 26.7%144: 23.7%143: 20.5%142: 18.1%141: 15.8%140: 13.4%139: 11.6%138: 9.7%137: 8.5%136: 6.9%135: 5.9%134: 4.8%133: 3.9%132: 3.2%131: 2.6%130: 2.1%129: 1.7%128: 1.3%127: 1.1%126: 0.8%125: 0.7%124: 0.5%123: 0.4%122: 0.3%121: 0.3%120: 0.0%

THE LAW OF PROPERTY Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The first is that of implied by common intention easement. This would not apply as it has come to the attention of Mrs. Batsford after the purchase and there was no common intention. The next important implied by way of easement is that of Wheeldon v. Burrows, however this rule merely applies to grant only and so Mr. Brown would not be able to use this rule in his favour as he is reserving the right of easement rather than granting it. The same principle also applies under section 62 of the Law of Property Act 1925, that is it refers merely to grants and not to reservation (Cooke 2006) As far as easements by way of prescription is concerned, it is an established principle that land which belonged to one person cannot be said to create an easement and thus Mr. Brown would not be able to rely on prescription. The next are is that of Prescription at common law which means long use. However such would require a servient owner to be separate from dominant which is not present on the facts (Cooke 2006; Chapelle 2006) Thus it would not be possible for Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on THE LAW OF PROPERTY or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Brown to claim easements in respect of the underground use of land of Mrs. Batsford after the purchase and a restriction can be be place on him by Mrs. Batsford. (iii) Under the unregistered and registered land principles, the transfer ownership or change in titles after conveyance differs and as such there have been various reforms brought about by the LRA. It is important to mention since Mr. Brown had conveyed the property, the rights and interests in the piece of land that had been conveyed had passed to Mrs. Batsford. Furthermore, even though there would be differing level of time when the title would pass, the interests had passed as the land had been conveyed and any property found therein was to be the property of Mrs. Batsford. Thus it would be irrelevant whether the land is registered or not as Mr. Brown had conveyed the property to Mrs. Batsford and she had acquired all the rights and liabilities of the piece of land. Thus she would be the rightful owner of the gold chain and claim her right of the chain unless it can be proved by Mr. Brown that he was the owner and had lost the chain. Ownership of Mr. Brown would be important because if such is shown then since the interest is not covered under the land conveyance. However, on the facts it is seen that no such ownership exists and Mr. Brown had merely found it and thus he was possibly a trespasser when he found the chain and so cannot claim the gold chain to be his.

Rhetorical and Fallacies in the Article “The Media...

In 2000, Pulitzer-winning journalist Richard Rhodes published an article titled â€Å"The Media Violence Myth,† through the â€Å"American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression,† a liberal establishment dedicated to the protection of the First Amendment right to free speech. Despite coming from a background plagued with violence and abuse, Rhodes has studied nuclear history and weapons use for over 20 years and has developed a unique opinion about the media’s effect on public violence. In â€Å"The Media Violence Myth,† Rhodes aims to convince his readers that the media does not contribute to violence through its portrayal. He attempts this in discrediting his key opponent, Dave Grossman, through ad hominem, red herrings, and violent diction. These†¦show more content†¦In pointing out that Sohn serves as a psychologist, Rhodes demands respect for this learned individual, whom he insinuates is on a higher level of credibility than the average man in a bad suit. In doing so Rhodes attempts to boost his audience’s trust in Sohn, which would in turn increase Rhodes’ own authority in the eyes of the readers because the two are in agreement regarding the subject of violence in the media. To the left-leaning, primary audience, this strategy is most likely to be effective. Because the affiliated readers already scorn those who support censorship, the idea of Grossman being less aesthetically (and thus logically) sensible than Sohn acts as an affirmation of their beliefs; Rhodes is jumping on the bandwagon and giving his audience what it wants to hear. However, a secondary audience would most likely question Rhodes’ use of ad hominem as a rhetorical strategy. The description of Grossman as â€Å"a little goofy in a bad suit† acts as a personal judgment and has nothing to do with the arguments regarding media violence; how a person looks likely does not affect the validity of what they have to say. Any reader not swept up in the passion that accompanies Rhodes’ views could recognize this assessment as a diversion from the real topic. In trying to decrease Grossman’s credibility and thus increase his own authority, Rhodes essentially achieves the opposite; the skepticism that a more moderate, secondary audience bringsShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesseries: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning

IFRS Based Accounting Standards †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the IFRS Based Accounting Standards. Answer: Introduction: Australian securities and investment commission has asked companies to focus on providing relevant information that are meaningful and useful to their users of financial reports. It is required by auditor and directors to focus in accounting policy choice and assets value. ASIC is of the view that most of companies make use of unrealistic assumptions for testing values of assets and application of inappropriate approaches in areas of revenue recognition. Risk criteria forms the basis of reviewing financial reports that helps in determining compliance with accounting standards and Corporation act. For addressing issues, ASIC features some of zones by declaring range of concentrations of public organization and listed organizations. It is stated by commissioner of ASIC that chiefs and evaluator as per past announcing periods should concentrate on decisions of bookkeeping strategies and estimating benefits (Albu et al. 2014). AASB 136 states that it is required by entity to conduct impairment test for assets that will ensure that assets are not overvalued. Value of assets that can be compared to recoverable sum and associated benefits are no involved in financial reports. Recoverable value of assets for disposal and value in use is more than assets fair value less costs. Such assets might involve goodwill and intangible assets. Any organization showing signs of repairing assets should undertake impairment test (Oulasvirta 2014). Moreover, test can also be undertaken for assets where they do not make any income such as cash generating unit. There are internal and external sources of indication for carrying out assets impairment. Evidence of Impairment testing of assets of Myer Holdings limited Considering the case of Myer Holdings limited, it is not possible to recognize goodwill from acquisition of business by separating cash generating unit. Therefore, it is required for business to allocate goodwill. Asset flow- It can be identified from the given data relating to flow of assets that they are consistent or have increased by little amount. There is no evidence of impairment test and it is not required to conduct test of impairment as evident by decreasing trend of stores. Establishment of indication of impairment is difficult from the given data. Asset base- There has not been much change in assets base of Myer holdings limited and for the past few years, they have remained more or less same in value. Considering the asset base for undertraining impairment, there is clear indication that assets are not required to be impaired (Bond et al. 2016). Turnover of assets- It can be ascertained from Myer holding ltd financial statements that asset turnover ratio has ranged from 1.40 to 1.80. During the period under consideration, there is no significant movement of asset turnover ratio. Therefore, impairment of test is not indicated using this particular test. Therefore, considering the above strategies, it is certainly not possible for undertaking impairment. However, looking at the departmental store of company in Frankston, there are some indications for impairment. Myer has planned for altering the colours of their departmental stores for competing with Amazon. Changing system of storing products would also be altered that will result in more free space (Preiato et al. 2014). All the aspects discussed above are considered as partial construction that qualifies determination of impairment of assets according to AASB 136. Outlining process for determining asset impairment Calculation of recoverable amount of assets and value in use is done by Myer holdings ltd for determining assets impairment test. Forecasting cash flow is done based on model that is approved by management of organization. Extrapolation of cash flow for more than five years is done using the terminal growth rate. Some of the assumptions for calculation are given below: Terminal growth rate is assumed at 2.5% Gross profit operating margin is assumed to be at 39.5%. Pre-tax discount rate is assumed to be at 14.4%. Management of organization decides future flow of cash resulting from cash generating unit of assets and their carrying value. Future cash flow is estimated based on budget and value can be considerably lower than budget. In order to determine existence of impairment of assets, separate examination of each stores of company is done. If any indication of impairment of stores are indicated using the test, then the management of organization measures recoverable value of unit and make comparison with value in use (Lawson et al. 2013). Information is required in determining asset impairment Information required for determining impairment test of Myer Holdings ltd are as follows: Recoverable amount of assets within the intention of estimating is expressed as percentage that is higher among the fair value of assets deducted by selling price and fair value in use. Loss from impairment of assets is recognized as cost under misfortune and benefit account. Against the perceived revaluation, affected resources are revalued under immaterial resource (IAS 38) and IAS 16 PPE (IAS 16) (Guthrie and Pang 2013). It is essential to determine recoverable values and value in use relating to impairment of assets. When the recoverable amount is lower than carrying amount, then only cash generating unit is considered for impairment. Under the balance sheet statement the loss amount resulting from asset impairment is deducted from asset closing value. Moreover, under revenue statements, loss arising from impairment is treated as loss. It is necessary on part of organization to switch off loss arising from impairment relating to goodwill in past period. Furthermore, for assessing recoverable measures of asset impairment and they are require to utilize the information. For acknowledging misfortune of debilitation, it is required by company to have wide divulgences. Management flexibility in determining impairment of assets It is not anticipated by ASIC that directors would be looking for bookkeeping and budgetary report and in this regard, they are required to look for counselling support and clarification. There needs to be suitable examination and documentation of data and they need to be delivered on convenient premise. Nature of money related data is strengthened in market and focusses on preparation of budgetary report. It is certainly possible that management of organization might not be expert in accounting and they can seek accounting advice from accounting firms and accounting experts. This will assist management in clearly presenting their financial statements. Myer Holding limited carry out asset impairment test at least once in a year as found in the case study. Impairment test is undertaken according to AASB 136. While completing the assets impairment tests, it can be ascertained that Myer holding is very adaptable. Survey is conducted by organization regarding assets carrying value and wh ether there exists any evidence of impairment. Test relating to impedance is not guaranteed as per pre requisites of AASB 136. Different level of uncertainties is decided by level of management that help in giving assurance of the fact that cash generating unit of Myer holdings would be advantageous without money bound streams. Therefore, it can be identified from the evidence depicted by case study and discussing the relevant facts deduce that there is active engagement on part of company for determining impairment test annually that are in compliance with AASB 136. Conclusion: From the above analysis, it can be concluded that Myer holdings limited determine the asset impairment tests by complying with the requirement of AASB 136. For measuring the loss arising from impairment, it is required by company to measure the value in use and recoverable value in the event of indication of asset impairment. Therefore, it can be concluded that management of Myer holdings limited is flexible when it comes to determine the loss arising from impairment and carrying out asset impairment test. Reference: Adibah Wan Ismail, W., Anuar Kamarudin, K., van Zijl, T. and Dunstan, K., 2013. Earnings quality and the adoption of IFRS-based accounting standards: Evidence from an emerging market.Asian Review of Accounting,21(1), pp.53-73. Albu, C.N., Albu, N. and Alexander, D., 2014. When global accounting standards meet the local contextInsights from an emerging economy.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,25(6), pp.489-510. Bond, D., Govendir, B. and Wells, P., 2016. An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.259-288. Guthrie, J. and Pang, T.T., 2013. Disclosure of Goodwill Impairment under AASB 136 from 20052010.Australian Accounting Review,23(3), pp.216-231. Lawson, R.A., Blocher, E.J., Brewer, P.C., Cokins, G., Sorensen, J.E., Stout, D.E., Sundem, G.L., Wolcott, S.K. and Wouters, M.J., 2013. Focusing accounting curricula on students' long-run careers: Recommendations for an integrated competency-based framework for accounting education.Issues in Accounting Education,29(2), pp.295-317. Oulasvirta, L., 2014. The reluctance of a developed country to choose International Public Sector Accounting Standards of the IFAC. A critical case study.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,25(3), pp.272-285. Preiato, J., Brown, P. and Tarca, A., 2015. A comparison of between?country measures of legal setting and enforcement of accounting standards.Journal of Business Finance Accounting,42(1-2), pp.1-50. Yongqing, L., Eddie, I. and Jinghui, L., 2013. The impact of carbon emissions on asset values and operating cash flows: evidence from Australian listed companies.Journal of modern Accounting and Auditing,9(1), p.94.

Effect of Piston Vibration on Engine Performance Free-Sample

Question: Write a Literaure Review on "Effect of Piston Vibration on Engine Performance". Answer: Literature Review Technological advancement has greatly contributed to the stiff competition currently being experienced in the automotive manufacturing industry. Fuel economy and engine efficiency have become critical design concerns in the industry. Admittedly, demand for efficient automobiles has pushed engineers to rethink harder. One of the topics in which a lot of research is currently being undertaken is the engine vibration. There is need to produce efficient and vibration-free cars. Theoretically, this is possible but practically, there would always be some form of vibration as the engine operates (Johnson, 2003). However, the unwarranted engine vibration has often been a draw back on maximizing the performance of the engines. Most research engineers agree wholeheartedly that engine vibration is among the major issues of concern in automobiles. Notably, there are two main types of engine vibrations; namely, the torsional and longitudinal vibration (Ramachandran Padmanaban, 2012). The former is caused by the fluctuating pressures on the crankshaft and its mountings while the later is produced due to the piston and cylinder reciprocating movement and their corresponding weights. Therefore, in a nutshell, according to Ramachandran Padmanaban (2012), an engine would mostly vibrate due to the unbalanced reciprocating parts; the frequent change in gas pressure inside the cylinder; the resulting forces due to the engine parts loads and the material features of the pistons. Now, many a researchers have greatly made attempts to point out at the possible effects the engine vibration, specifically pistons, have on the engine performance. In fact, the piston vibration can be attributed to the frequent changing of the mass moment of inertia due to the cyclic fashion in which the center of mass of the piston moves (Guzzomi, 2007). Consequently, the performance of the engine is grossly affected. In fact, according to Guzzomi (2007), about a half of engine losses are attributed to the piston rings, skirt and connecting pins. But what exactly causes these vibrations? As mentioned earlier, RamachandranPadmanaban (2012) opine that the vibrations are due to: (1) the unbalanced reciprocating parts; (2) the frequent change in gas pressure within the cylinder; (3) the forces due to the engine reciprocation; and (4) the material features of the piston parts. However, to cement our understanding of the phenomenon, it is crucial to illustrate the structural configuration of the pistons. The piston is normally the moving part of the engine; its movement is actuated by the forces produced by the fuel combustion. It normally moves up and down from the bottom dead centre to the top dead centre. During the power cycle, a lot of heat is produced, which causes the piston to expand, hence some dimensional clearance is always allowed between the piston and the cylinder wall. Consequently, the pistons must often be made of lighter and thermally conductive materials like Aluminum. In fact it is the most commonly used piston material. However, like with all other materials, Aluminum expands when heated; therefore, provisions are often made to allow smooth movement of the pistons up and down within the cylinder bore without allowing excessive power loss due to compression loss or for the piston to cease in the cylinder (University of Windsor, 2016). Notably, according to University of Windsor (2016), the piston features include: piston pins, head, skirt and rings (ring grooves, ring lands, and pistons ring). The piston pin connects the piston to the connecting rod. The skirt, located near the crankshaft, aligns the piston as it moves in the cylinder bore. The groove ensures that the piston rings are restricted especially during engine operation. The modern piston heads are bowl-shaped unlike the traditional flat designs. This often creates a vortex flow of fuel hence allowing perfect mixing of air and fuel (George, 2017). Consequently, the perfect air-fuel mixing has a considerable improvement in the mec hanical power of the engine as all fuel injected into the cylinder get burnt. Besides, such piston designs are now being used in the gasoline powered engines as it encourages direct mixing as well (George, 2017). Additionally, as mentioned earlier, the piston material greatly affects the performance of the engine. The piston is normally subjected to fluctuations in pressure, thermal stress and mechanical loads. Therefore, the piston material selected is often one with greater structural integrity. More often, it must withstand those constraints vis--vis the manufacturing cost. Cast Aluminum alloy are often the compromised material. For instance, the lightweight property of Aluminum would reduce the loads hence ultimately the vibrations during operation are minimized. Admittedly, however, operational performance of most of these top-class piston designs often uncovers loopholes which would otherwise largely remain hidden during design. The most annoying engine problems, according to Carley (2013) include: noise, vibration and harshness (NVH). These three operational issues must be minimized to ensure efficient and safe performance of the engine. Now, as earlier mentioned, one of the contributing factors in engine vibration is the unbalanced forces due to the rotating parts of the piston Al Guzzomi (2007). Carley (2013) agrees with this notion and even goes ahead to confirm that the speeds of the engines with unbalanced parts can greatly magnify these vibrations as the centripetal forces increase. In fact, Carley (2013) bluntly states that if the rotational speed is doubled, for instance, then the centripetal force would quadruple causing more vibrations in the engine. Additionally, the position of pistons centre of gravity also has an effect on the vibration. Notably, the piston pin is normally slightly positioned outside the geometrical axis of the piston head to easily change the motion from the pistons reciprocation to rotational movement of the crankshaft. Connectedly, therefore, any unbalanced mass in the head would trickle down to the crankshaft. The crankshaft often tries to rotate about its central axis but with inherited problems, the rotation would not be smooth thanks to the transferable vibrations. Consequently, this sets the entire engine into a massive vibration which hinders smooth ride. Additionally, the vibrations, if not checked and rectified in time, can create a mountain of problems with the ultimate one being engine shutdown. For instance, as the piston head vibrates, the rings and seals are impounded upon by the impact causing more gas leaks. These leaks are often the major cause of mechanical power losses. In a diesel engine , where a particular compression ratio must be reached before power cycle takes over, there would be possible delays leading to inconsistent firing and misfiring thanks to the leaks. Additionally, the resulting crankshafts torsion vibration may cause material fatigue and stresses which ultimately leads to cracks and grand-scale failure. Secondly, Al Guzzomi (2007) attributes that the structural characteristics and configuration of the cylinders can be a potential cause of engine vibration. Engineering Explained (2015) cements this notion by pointing at the inline cylinder configuration loopholes. More often, the inline type does not balance the secondary forces (Engineering Explained, 2015) leading to engine vibration. Furthermore, according to Pente at al (2013) there is another occurring phenomenon in the piston technically referred to as piston slap. This describes a situation where the piston diameter is smaller than that of the cylinder bore. In such a case, therefore, free movement of the piston is allowed causing knocking sounds as the piston impacts on the cylinder walls (Pente et al, 2013). This traverse movement of the piston causes a lot of noise and consequently, too much vibration results. Admittedly, wear rate would normally go up. However, there have been substantive researches done in this area with the aim of actually troubleshooting the phenomenon. Further more, some brilliant minds discovered techniques to analyze the engine vibration. Griffiths Skorecki (1964) discovered interesting facts about the vibration of the single-cylinder engine. They painstakingly investigated and uncovered that diesel engines would likely produce more noise when the cooling system temperature is very low. But how is this related to the piston vibration? Actually the piston slap was monitored using a motor which was connected to the engine; other sources of vibration were eliminated and focus was on the effect of the piston slap (Griffiths Slorecki, 1964).Notably, noise results from vibrations and as mentioned earlier, the piston slap is often the common source. Haddad Pullen(1974) discovered a vibration monitoring technique. The phenomenon of piston slap could also be investigated using oscillographic and simulation technique to determine its relative magnitude, compared with the other noise sources of the engine (Haddad Pullen, 1974). Furthermore, it has been discovered that this source of noise is critical when it comes to analyzing the performance of the engines hence uncovering real-time techniques is one step in improving the engine performance. Chabot, L et al (2000) also contributed by giving the much needed insights on noise and vibration optimization of a petrol engine. In their study, they revealed how the engine noise and vibration could be optimized. They used a case to monitor the dynamic behavior of a 1.6 litre gasoline engine. According to Chabot et al (2000), the main objective was to reduce the low frequency radiated noise from the cylinder block. Zheng et al (2001) conducted a FEM/BEM analysis of diesel piston-slap induced ship hull vibration and underwater noise. Zheng et al (2001) employed finite element method to simulate the vibration response of the hull due to the excitations of diesel piston-slap and vertical inertia reciprocating force. Gerges, S et al. (2000) agree that the piston slap is the major contributor to noise and vibration in engines. The cause of vibration, in this case, is attributed to the cyclic variation in the gas pressure. Gerges, S et al(2000) further assert that the magnitude of vibration can significantly be magnified by the increased combustion activities. Now, there is another phenomenon, known as cycle-to-cycle variations, that occurs during piston-head-and-fuel-air-mixture engagement. According to Aydin (2011) by observing the cylinder pressure versus time measurements from a spark ignition engine, an interesting and substantial variation can be uncovered. Admittedly, the pressure development is uniquely related to the combustion process such that increased combustion translates to higher pressures in the cylinder, which increases the impact force on the piston head. Now, as Aydin (2011) points out, the pressures also vary from cylinder to cylinder. Therefore, vibrations due to the piston movement subsequently may also vary from cylinder to cylinder. Notably, however, Mechanical Engineers continue to grapple with these phenomena in the engines. There are a dozen designs of the pistons alone. Each with design features that boost the operational efficiency and safety of the engines. Thanks to the modern design tools, modern and sophisticated pistons are being manufactured. For example, the current design has a wave-like head in the crown (Lockridge, 2016). According to Lockridge (2016) there are six ridges at the centre of the piston such that spraying occurs between the ridges. This ensures that less soot is formed and the fuel is burnt completely. The technology is seen to be a game changer in the industry. However, even as concerns are being shifted to the design and development of pistons that integrate fuel economy and engine efficiency, manufacturing cost is normally not ignored. Actually, there have been a dozen proposals but after considering the cost implications, more often, these ideas are abandoned. Importantly, however , improvement of piston designs would still require these innovative approaches. Besides, alternatively, the search for piston materials which are more superior to the existing ones, in terms of properties, is still a work-in-progress. Furthermore, the electric car technology, as has been pointed out by many scholars, would still not provide a stiff competition to the ICE engines as the technology is still at an infantile stage. Hence, the automakers still have the grace period to make the necessary improvements in the existing technology, that is, the ICE engines. However, certainly, as far as internal combustion engines are still here with us, more sophisticated designs would still be realized in the future and the engineers will never stop to produce more efficient car engines. References Ramachandran, T Padmanaban, K. (2012). Review on Internal Combustion Engine Vibrations and Mountings. Dindigul, Tamilnadu. Available at: https://www.ijeset.com/media/8N5-IJESET0202516.pdf [Accessed: 9/4/2017] Guzzomi , A.L et al. (2007).Variable Inertia Effects of an Engine Including Piston Friction and a Crank or gudgeon pin offset. The University of Western Australia. Available at: https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/files/1489255/11941_PID11941.pdf University of Windsor.(2016). Piston and Piston Rings. Available at: https://courses.washington.edu/engr100/Section_Wei/engine/UofWindsorManual/Piston%20and%20Piston%20Rings.htm George, P. (2017). How does piston shape affect combustion? Available at: https://auto.howstuffworks.com/piston-shape-affect-combustion1.htm Carley, L. (2013). Maintaining Your Balance: Engine Building Tips to Reduce NVH and Increase Life. Available at: https://www.enginebuildermag.com/2013/11/maintaining-your-balance-engine-building-tips-to-reduce-nvh-and-increase-life/ Engineering Explained. (2015).The Pros And Cons Of Different Engine Types. Available at: https://www.carthrottle.com/post/engineering-explained-the-pros-and-cons-of-different-engine-types/ Pente, S et at.(2013). Vibrational Analysis of a VCR Diesel Engine: A Review. Available at: https://www.ijetae.com/files/Volume3Issue6/IJETAE_0613_74.pdf Griffiths, J J.Skorecki, J. (1964). Some aspects of vibration of a single cylinder diesel engine. Journal of sound and vibration vol.1 (345-364). Haddad, D Pullen, L.(1974). Piston slap as source of noise and vibration in diesel engine. Journal of sound and vibration 34(2), (249-260). Chabotm, L.. et al. (2000). Noise and Vibration Optimization of a Gasoline Engine. Fifth Ricardo Software International User Conference, Detroit. Zheng, Het al. (2001). FEM/BEM analysis of diesel piston-slap induced ship hull vibration and underwater noise. Gerges, Set al. (2000). A Literature Review of Diesel Engine Noise with Emphasis on Piston Slap. Online journal. Available at: https://iiav.org/ijav/content/volumes/5_2000_1108041287056607/vol_1/307_firstpage_164321287057558.pdf Aydin,K. (2011).Effect of Engine Parameters on Cyclic Variations in Spark Ignition Engines. Available at: https://web.firat.edu.tr/iats/cd/subjects/Automotive/ATE-14.pdf Johnson, L. (2003). Theory: Reciprocating Engine Vibration. Available at: https://www.dssmicro.com/theory/th_recip_vibs.htm Lockridge, D. (2016). Volvo Talks about Piston Technology in Latest Engines. Available at: https://www.truckinginfo.com/channel/fuel-smarts/article/story/2016/06/volvo-talks-about-piston-technology-in-latest-engines.aspx