Police Corruption Essay Example for Free

Police Corruption Essay Defilement is an intricate issue having its foundations and implications in the public eye in general. Debasement is characterized as â€Å"improper or childish exercise of intensity and impact joined to an open office or to an extraordinary position one possesses in open life† Definition of defilement is adequately expansive to incorporate a scope of such exercises: â€Å"A open authority is degenerate on the off chance that he acknowledges cash or money’s worth for accomplishing something he is under an obligation to do at any rate, that he is under an obligation not to do, or to practice an authentic watchfulness for inappropriate reasons.† [McMullan (1961: 183-4)]  Punch (1985) widens this definition in two different ways. He characterizes defilement as happening: â€Å"When an authority gets or is guaranteed huge bit of leeway or prize (individual, gathering or authoritative) for accomplishing something that he is under an obligation to do at any rate, that he is under an obligation not to do, for practicing a real watchfulness for inappropriate reasons, and for utilizing unlawful intends to accomplish affirmed goals.† Punch has widen the definition in the manner that debasement isn't generally singular it tends to be in gathering or hierarchical and some of the time it likewise includes illicit intends to accomplish the objectives.  Corruption in one structure or different has consistently existed in the nation. The Bofors, HDW Submarine arrangement, Airbus bargain, ABB Loco arrangement, Jain Hawala Racket, Sugar trick, Security trick, Urea trick, Fodder trick, and so forth., are a couple of case of defilement in different offices. The arms of defilement have spread to the arrangement of administration â€from common political-military. Therefore no organization can guarantee itself to be liberated from defilement. It has now become the piece of life and is a difficult that has and will keep on influencing every one of us, regardless of whether we are regular citizens or law implementation officials.  Unlike the other official wings of the administration, the police,â â â which have most extreme perceivability in the general public, are a pet subject for such debasement. In police, defilement is typically seen as the abuse of power by a cop while in obligation to satisfy individual needs or needs. Not many realities about police debasement: It is: Unavoidable †degenerate practices are found in some structure in a considerable number police organizations in all social orders; A proceeding with issue †there is proof of degenerate practices from all phases of police history; Not just an issue of the lower positions †defilement has been found at all degrees of the police association; Not just money related: exercises (counting ‘process’ exercises) reaching out past pay off and blackmail have been found. For a degenerate demonstration to happen, three particular components of police debasement must be available at the same time:  1) Misuse of power,  2) Misuse of authentic limit  3) Misuse of individual achievement. (Dantzker, 1995: p 157) It very well may be said that power unavoidably will in general degenerate, and it is yet to be perceived that, while there is no motivation to assume that cops as people are any less uncertain than different citizenry, individuals are frequently stunned and shocked when police officers are uncovered abusing the law. General police abnormality can incorporate ruthlessness, segregation, lewd behavior, terrorizing, and illegal utilization of weapons. Police debasement is an all inclusive issue that has its system in numerous nations and is a common issue that can't just be away by harsh measures. Cops are the state made fragile living creature and assumes a job of law implementers, issue solvers and the most immediate delegates of the state. They give their noticeable, formally dressed, 24-hour nearness in the city and their urgent inclusion in social mediation and law implementation. On the off chance that they are degenerate, at that point the residents will lose their trust in them. Police debasement isn't an individual abnormality it can happens from watch to boss and can be produced by the association itself. Debasement inside police divisions falls into 2 fundamental classifications, which are outer defilement and inner defilement. Outer debasement: It includes the connection of police with general society and can include at least one of the accompanying exercises: Settlements to police: By basically non-criminal components who neglect to agree to tough resolutions or city mandates; (for instance, people who more than once abuse transit regulations). By people who constantly damage the law as a strategy for bringing in cash (for instance, whores, opiates addicts and pushers, proficient thieves). 2) Clean Graft where cash or civility limits or appreciation is paid to police for administrations. Inside debasement: It is the connection between different officials inside the police division. Police defilement comes in different shapes and sizes from the significant medication dealing and tax evasion to looking the other route on minor ordinary infringement of the law. The typology of police debasement given by Roebuck and Barker (1974) has eight classifications, to which Punch (1985) has included a ninth one (Table I). TABLE I Types and measurements of police debasement. Types  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Dimensions 1.â â â â â â â Corruption of authorityâ â â â â â â     2.â ‘Kickbacks’    â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â  â â â â â â â 3. Crafty robbery   â â â â  â â â â â â 4. ‘Shakedowns’    â â â â â 5. Insurance of criminal operations   â â â â â â â 6. ‘The fix’   â â â â â â â 7. Direct crimes    â â â â â 8. Inside settlements   â â â â 9. ‘Flaking’ or ‘padding’â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â At the point when officials get some type of material increase by righteousness of their situation without abusing the law essentially (for example free beverages, dinners, administrations) Receipt of products, administrations or cash for alluding business to specific people or organizations Taking from arrestees (‘rolling’), from traffic mishap casualties, wrongdoing casualties and the bodies or property of dead residents Acknowledgment of a pay off for not finishing a criminal infringement †not making a capture, documenting a grumbling or seizing property Police security of those occupied with unlawful exercises (prostitution, drugs, erotic entertainment) empowering the business to keep on working Subverting of criminal examinations or procedures, or on the other hand the ‘losing’ of traffic tickets A cop perpetrates a wrongdoing against individual or property for individual increase ‘in clear violation’ of both departmental standards and criminal law Privileges accessible to cops (occasions, move designations, advancement) are purchased, bargained what's more, sold Planting of or adding to confirm (especially however not solely in drugs cases; Punch 1985)  Reasons for the police defilement: To discover the reasons for police defilement one needs to concentrate on the nature and the sort of police work. One of the old clarification recommends that debasement is the result of â€Å"Bad Apple† for example defilement is because of scarcely any number of cops who are very unrepresentative of the more extensive principles showed by the association. Variables of police defilement: Consistent variables Variable components Steady factors incorporate the accompanying: Attentiveness: The activity of circumspection is contended to have both authentic and ill-conceived bases. Low administrative perceivability A police officer’s activities are regularly low in perceivability most definitely. Low open perceivability Much of what cops do isn't seen by individuals from people in general. Companion bunch mystery ‘Police culture’ is described by a serious extent of inner solidarity and mystery. Administrative mystery Police directors have for the most part stirred themselves up from the ‘beat’ and offer a significant number of the qualities held by those they oversee. Status issues Police officials are once in a while supposed to be inadequately paid comparative with their forces. Relationship with culprits: Police officials unavoidably come into contact with a wide assortment of individuals who have an enthusiasm for police not doing what they have an obligation to do. Variable components Network structure: Refers to the level of ‘anomie’, the political ‘ethos’, and the degree of culture struggle. Authoritative qualities: Levels of organization, honesty of administration, solidarity of work subcultures, moral vocation phases of cops, and the view of real chances. Lawful open doors for defilement: Moral: supposed ‘victimless crimes’ (Schur, 1965) related with the policing of ‘vice’. Regulative: the abuse of minor or trifling guidelines, for example, those related with development, traffic and permitting. Debasement controls: How the gatekeepers are themselves ‘guarded’. Social association of debasement: Two essential structures: ‘arrangements’ and ‘events’. ‘Moral cynicism’: Association with crooks and contact with enticement is unavoidable in police work, slanting officials towards moral pessimism. Debasement control and Prevention: Essentially controlling debasement is the main way that we can truly confine defilement, since debasement is the side-effect of the individual cop, cultural perspectives, and, police natural components. In this manner control must originate from the police office, yet in addition must need the help and help of

Foundations of Management Accounting †Myassignmenthelp.Com

The Story of Tom Brennan Quotes

Story of Tom Brennan cites: 19 - â€Å"Sudden demise, unexpected passing fellas. † 26 â€â€Å"that was the thing I couldn’t get my head around †there would be a tomorrow, and a day from that point forward, and a day after that. The world went on paying little heed to how I felt. † 71 â€â€Å"All we could do was stand around†¦ Watching Finn and a machine that hurled and clicked with every breath it took for him. † 101-â€Å"I put on something else cause Finn’s blood was on my pants and jumper, however I can at present smell him on my skin, particularly my hands however I was washed them a hundred times. 116 â€â€Å"That’s good, she murmured. You should saying effortlessness today around evening time? † 120 â€â€Å"And on the off chance that you’d asked me, at that point what I thought, I would’ve said nothing or nobody could remove that from us. † 124 â€â€Å"like I stated, that was a depr essed spot. † 128 â€â€Å"Being a cooperative person, you ought to have known better. † 132 â€â€Å"Give him my affection. She murmured. Let him know I’m continually considering him. † 134 â€â€Å"Didn’t they understand we weren’t like every other person here? † 139 â€â€Å"Tom, he gulped. I’m sorry. I’m so sorry you needed to leave the Billi. I’m thus, so grieved. † 148 â€â€Å"You could be Finn. 152 â€â€Å"Talking about a waste. † 154 â€â€Å"Fair? Kath hollered. Reasonable! † 157 â€â€Å"One little advance for man. One monster jump for humanity. Cause today, for my family, that’s what it resembled. † 167 â€â€Å"You know, today I’m heading off to the Hill Deli to get one of their home-made lasagnes. I hear they’re scrumptious. † 183 â€â€Å"When I strolled into the school gates†¦ nobody went to take a gander at us. Nobo dy pointed, nobody murmured behind their hands. † 185 â€â€Å"I felt lighter. I no longer had the weight of conveying a mystery. What's more, the results †well there was none. 185 â€â€Å"At least she loved viewing the footy appear. We’d have a decent giggle over that. In some cases she wasn’t really awful. † 210 â€â€Å"†I realize it harms Tom†¦ however we can’t fix what’s done. Bennie’s is giving you a possibility and, as lamentable as it might appear to you, it’s still an opportunity. † 217 â€â€Å"We’d arrived at the highest point of the rising. I’d caused it to up without figuring it out. † 260 â€â€Å"Blue upon blue which was what our families had become †dismal, irate, blame ridden, befuddled, lost. Blue or for a few of us dark. † 283 â€â€Å"That was the morning Tom Brennan returned for eternity. †

Architecture Software Defined Wireless Networking †Free Samples

Question: Talk about the Architecture Software Defined Wireless Networking. Answer Presentation The idea of information correspondence can be considered as a procedure of handling information, which is as computerized starting with one framework or PC then onto the next. The methodology is a lot of accommodating in producing a vehicle of correspondence between two frameworks. The association between two gadgets is for the most part made utilizing either link media or wire. The Internet can be viewed as a standout amongst other model in this situation. There are numerous gadgets, which assume a functioning job in the idea of model switch, center point, switch, connect and so forth. The gadgets structure a fundamental framework, which is required for correspondence (Sayood, 2017). The center purpose of the report is to make a comprehension of the various segments, which are identified with the correspondence idea. To clarify in detail unique condition of the system are likewise contemplated. In the following piece of the report, various links, which are occupied with the idea, are mulled over. The links basically differ in size and the reason. They are actualized by the necessity of the client. Segments required in arrange Scaffold The Bridge can be utilized for joining two LAN workgroups. The advantage, which can be accomplished from the idea, is that it can straightforwardly lessen the traffic issue utilizing system division into more than one area. In the earth of system, it is significantly observed that when a traffic flood a system with a colossal measure of information (Uysal et al., 2016). The issue brings about easing back down of information, in this circumstance a scaffold, can be utilized which would be detaching the system stream. Switch The Router can be considered as a mind boggling gadget, which can be utilized to more than one gadget into the system independently and freely. In switches, there is a physical interface, which can be utilized to associate gadgets to at least one system without concentrating with respect to the foundation of the innovation or the system. The gadget can be viewed as easy to understand in a manner because of the factor that it very well may be actualized in any engineering of the system. The activity of the Router is directed on the system layer and to actualize the usefulness they utilize the system tending to idea. For a UNIX gadget to work with a window based, the idea of IP address is utilized which is an all inclusive basic location. The gadget just chooses the way, which is to be chosen for the switch to convey the two other switch, and it doesn't include client impedance (Liggins et al., 2017). DSL Modem The full type of DSL represents Direct Subscriber Line. The innovation can be considered as an idea of transmission of sign or data over the standard phone lines. Mulling over an ordinary landline, it tends to be utilized for voice calls utilizing a recurrence run, which is low from 0 Hz to 4 Hz. This recurrence range can be named as voice band go because of the factor of a little piece of the recurrence. Then again, it tends to be expressed that the DSL utilizes a recurrence, which is higher in go when contrasted with voice band recurrence. The range, which is utilized, is for the usefulness is in the scope of 25 KHz to 1.5 MHz this recurrence can be utilized for the transmission of the discernible voice, which has a recurrence scope of 20 KHz (Yang Liao, 2016). Switch A switch is a gadget, which works at the OSI layer 2 or the entrance level. The gadget can be utilized for the idea of associating more than one host to a specific system. Contrasting the gadget and a Hub, which does to advance a message to a host, the switch can legitimately advance the message to the host. A switch can make an impression on another switch. The primary working in this angle is that the switch interprets and gets the edge and unravels the physical location concerning the MAC address. There is an assortment of switch, which can be actualized by the necessity, for instance, stackable switches and measured switches. The entrance layer switch can likewise be one of the assortments of the switch, which one of the overwhelming players in the classification of the switch (Lu et al., 2015). It encourages the association between two hubs legitimately into the structure of the system utilizing gadgets, for example, Printers and modems. System Interface Card The system interface can be utilized for the idea of associating PCs to nearby information system or web. The card can change over the information into an electrical sign, which is sent over the idea of the web. The ubiquity, which is suggested to the idea as of late every PC gadget has a system interface card appended to it. The system card can be consolidated in a PC, which is an exposed bone that doesn't have a system card connected to it. A case of a system domain in this setting is that when a client is signed into a framework to get to the web, the PC passes the data of the webpage into the system card utilizing concerting the location into electrical heartbeats. The beats are conveyed by the system card to the server of the web, which is some place over the web which reaction by methods for sending a website page to the client as electronic media (Hayes et al., 2017). Center point A center point can be considered as a rectangular box, which is comprised of plastic and gets the force from an outlet for power. The primary capacity of the center point is to interface numerous frameworks into the system of the system. The development of the system is done so that it can create a methods for correspondence between them in a made sure about way. The connecting of the portions of the LAN from the framework is the fundamental capacity of the Hub (Bernardos et al., 2014). The Hub comprises of more than one port. The Hub and the Switch have a comparative sort of usefulness joined to it. The center is fit for taking care of information types, which are known as a casing. There are three kinds of Hub, which are connected to the idea, which are detached, dynamic and astute. The fundamental advantage, which can be accomplished from the idea, is that it can legitimately supplant a wrecked system. Systems administration link Unshielded Twisted Pair The Unshielded Twisted Pair link is one of the most wide links which are utilized in the idea of PC and media transmission. There are typically shading coding which help in the location of the reason which individual wire serve. They can be utilized and actualized by the prerequisite of the client and the reason it will serve (Bernardos et al., 2014). Size 0.43 cm (0.17 inches) Speed 10 to 1000 Mbps Cost - $1 20 $ Protected wound pair The protected wound pair link is a lot of like the unshielded contorted pair link. The fundamental distinction is that it comprises of a shield, which ensures the wire or the line of transmission from electronic obstruction (Lu et al., 2015). Size 0.73 cm Speed 10 to 100 Mbps Cost - $3 $ 10. Fiber optic link The fiber optic link is one of the systems administration links, which comprise of glass fiber, which is situated inside a packaging for methods for insurance, which is particularly offended as security from fire. The fundamental idea, which can be accomplished from it, is that it very well may be utilized for media transmission, which includes information of elite (Bernardos et al., 2014). Size 0.89 cm Speed High into the scope of gigabits Cost - $ 5.87 per foot. End The reports center point is the parts, which are associated with the idea of systems administration. The gadgets, which are examined above, gives an essential system to the idea of accomplishing the idea of correspondence between two gadgets. Every segment, which is engaged with the idea, is clarified utilizing the idea of the system condition. In the second 50% of the report, the center point is the links, which are engaged with giving a methods for correspondence between the gadgets. It tends to be expressed in agreement to the links there are an assortment of links, which can be utilized by the necessity of the client, and the reason it will serve in the idea of the web. The size, cost and a short portrayal of the considerable number of links are featured in the report. References Bernardos, C. J., De La Oliva, A., Serrano, P., Banchs, A., Contreras, L. M., Jin, H., Ziga, J. C. (2014). An engineering for programming characterized remote networking.IEEE remote communications,21(3), 52-61. Dehos, C., Gonzlez, J. L., De Domenico, A., Ktenas, D., Dussopt, L. (2014). Millimeter-wave get to and backhauling: the answer for the exponential information traffic increment in 5G versatile interchanges systems?.IEEE Communications Magazine,52(9), 88-95. Hayes, J. R., Sandoghchi, S. R., Bradley, T. D., Liu, Z., Slavk, R., Gouveia, M. A., ... Petrovich, M. N. (2017). Antiresonant empty central element with an octave spreading over transfer speed for short take information communications.Journal of Lightwave Technology,35(3), 437-442. Kreutz, D., Ramos, F. M., Verissimo, P. E., Rothenberg, C. E., Azodolmolky, S., Uhlig, S. (2015). Programming characterized organizing: A complete survey.Proceedings of the IEEE,103(1), 14-76. Liggins II, M., Hall, D., Llinas, J. (Eds.). (2017).Handbook of multisensor information combination: hypothesis and practice. CRC press. Lu, X., Niyato, D., Wang, P., Kim, D. I., Han, Z. (2015). Remote charger organizing for cell phones: Fundamentals, principles, and applications.IEEE Wireless Communications,22(2), 126-135. Lu, X., Wang, P., Niyato, D., Kim, D. I., Han, Z. (2015). Remote systems with RF vitality collecting: A contemporary survey.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,17(2), 757-789. Sayood, K. (2017).Introduction to information pressure. Morgan Kaufmann. Sharma, S., Staessens, D., Colle, D., Palma, D., Goncalves, J., Figueiredo, R., ... Demeester, P. (2014, September). Executing nature of administration for the product characterized organizing empowered future web. InSoftware Defined Networks (EWSDN), 2014 Third European Workshop on(pp. 49-54). IEEE. U

Cell Membrane Transport Free Essays

The reasons for these examinations is to have the option to get assimilation and its relationship to tonicity of arrangements, and the transportation of atoms across cell films. It’s likewise used to comprehend, and how temperature influences dispersion. You likewise figure out how to test for existences of starches and sugars in arrangements. We will compose a custom article test on Cell Membrane Transport or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now In the principal practice I will test for dissemination through a counterfeit layers. This one has forty five stages to it. I won't go into it bit by bit however I’m going to state only the significant ones. You need a cup to place 150mL of refined water in cup number one. At that point you splash the dialysis tubing in this cup for five minutes. At that point you include the graduated chamber, 4mL of refined water, 2 mL of starch arrangement, and 2 mL of the glucose arrangement, at that point empty it into cup number two. At that point utilize the glass blending pole to mix the arrangement in cup two. At that point expel the dialysis tubing from cup one, put the cup in a safe spot for some other time, tie up one end firmly. At that point test the tubing with refined water for any releases, at that point spill out the water. Spot a pipe toward the finish of the tubing and afterward empty the glucose-starch arrangement into the dialysis tubing from cup two. At that point get the entirety of the let some circulation into of the tubing and afterward tie that end safely. Wash the outside of the tubing to evacuate what substance could have jumped outwardly of it. At that point record the shade of arrangement inside the dialysis tubing. At that point utilize the IKI dropping pipet to gradually add IKI answer for the 150 mL in cup one until it would appear that the shade of solid tea, mixing with the glass pole while including the drops. At that point record the shade of the substance in cup one in before dialysis. Put the dialysis tubing inside cup one, and you let sit for 60 minutes. After the hour, record the shade of the dialysis tubing under after dialysis. At that point clean cup two and mark it dialysis tubing substance. Hold the dialysis tubing over cup two and slice the tubing to discharge the substance, however spare the substance of cup one for some other time. At that point set up a boiling water shower, and denoting the test tubes numbers one through three. In test tube one include 2 cm of the arrangement from cup one, and afterward include 1 cm of Benedict’s reagent. In test tube number 2 include the arrangement from cup two and afterward include 1 cm of Benedict’s reagent. In test tube three include 2 cm of refined water and afterward include 1 cm of Benedict’s reagent. Record the shade of each cylinder in the before warming section. Spot the test tubes in the test tube rack that is inside the boiling water shower, and leave them for around ten minutes. After the ten minutes, utilize the test tube cinch to expel each in turn and record any shading change in the segment in the wake of warming. This is the manner by which you test for dissemination through a counterfeit film. The subsequent test is about dispersion at various temperature utilizing potassium precious stones. THe initial step is to name three styrofoam cups hot, cold, and encompassing. Neglected water cup include two bits of ice and afterward fill the cup 3/4 full with faucet water. The encompassing cup include 3/4 water to this cup, and boiling water cup include 3/4 brimming with hot faucet water. You let each represent around five minutes, and afterward include the temp of each cup to the table. At that point name three test cylinders and put into test tube rack, utilizing tweezers include around five grains of potassium to each test tube, make sure to add a similar add up to every one. After this you include 7 mL of water from each cup into a seperate test tube. Recall not to mix when including water, watch the shade of the water in each test cylinder and record these finding under the 0 minutes in the table. At that point place the test tubes inside the cups. Following five minutes check the test tubes for the shades of them and afterward record them in the table. This test is to check how the temperature influences the pace of dissemination. In this third test we are going to check for tonicity and dissemination. The initial step you will include 10mL of refined water in the graduated chamber and afterward one gram of salt to make a sodium chloride arrangement, at that point blend well. Imprint two test cylinders and one and two, filling the first with refined water 66% full. The subsequent cylinder include the sodium chloride 66% full. After this you should cut two bits of potato about 0.5 cm wide and 7 cm long. Measure each piece and record in the table. Spot a bit of potato in each test cylinder, and sit tight for 60 minutes. After that hour void out the water and sodium chloride. The on a paper towel put the bit of potato from the principal test tube, refined water, on the left half of a paper towel, and on the correct side spot the potato from the sodium chloride arrangement. Check and see which one is hard and delicate. The table makes it simpler to stay aware of the aftereffects of every analysis. In the main analysis there are two tables one for when dialysis and the other one is when warming. The main table is for recording the progressions during dialysis and the subsequent table is for Benedict’s Reagent results. These tables assist keep with following of which one is sure and which one is negative. In the second analysis the table is utilized for the investigation of dissemination at various temperatures. You record the shade of the arrangements in each cylinder toward the start and the subsequent thing is you compose the shading following five minutes. This one gives the consequences of how dissemination responds at various temperatures by shading. The third analysis table is to decide the outcomes for tonicity and dispersion. First you record the elements of the cuts potatoes before you start the analysis, in the refined water segment and the sodium chloride arrangement. At that point after the dispensed time you take out the cuts of potatoes and measure them, and record it in the after section. At that point you figure out which is one of the accompanying: tonicity, hypertonic, isotonic, or hypotonic. The perceptions that I had for the first was the means by which a cell film works. The changing of the shading in the dialysis tubing was quite astounding to watch. It was fascinating how the unmistakable arrangement transformed into a dull purple, practically dark. At that point after the second piece of the examination how they all change from a light blue to either a similar shading to a yellowish earthy colored. The subsequent analysis is the point at which we use temperature a synthetic concoctions to decide dispersion in various states. It just astounds me that so far the primary concern that we use is refined water, with the exception of in this one, I utilized faucet water. In some cases I can smell the synthetic concoctions and now and then I don’t. I like this trial since I don’t need to utilize the oven, I simply utilize the heated water, cold water with ice, and room temperature water. The third analysis is to characterize tonicity and dispersion. This one was exceptionally intriguing for me. Despite the fact that I needed to hang tight for an hour for the outcomes it was justified, despite all the trouble. After you follow the methodology bit by bit, you get the opportunity to see the outcomes. After you remove the potatoes from the test tubes, you lay the on a paper towel and you get the chance to feel them. For me this was an additional hands on in light of the fact that you got the chance to feel the contrast between the two and figure out what every one methods. In the principal analyze there was eight inquiries to answer beginning with the first, What is the reason for this activity and what is being tried? The response to this is the reason for existing is to exhibit how the dialysis tubing speaks to the cell layer, and the disclosure of which contains starch. The subsequent inquiry is What shading change did you see in the dialysis tubing and what does that change show? It went from a reasonable fluid to a dull blue practically dark and that shows there is starch present. Another inquiry is Was there a shading change in the water around the tubing and if so clarify? There was no shading change in the encompassing water. What does the Benedict’s reagant recognize? This recognizes sugars in the arrangements. What does the IKI arrangement distinguish? The IKI arrangement recognizes starches. The seventh inquiry pose about the likenesses of the dialysis tubing and a cell layer. The two of them are thin and don't permit atoms to move through territories they don't have a place in. The last inquiry is the vehicle component in the model cell detached or dynamic and why? I state it is dynamic since it needs to continually not let any atoms go through. In the second examination there was just two inquiries. The main being How does temperature influence the pace of dispersion? With the virus water the potassium just settles at the base. The surrounding water is somewhat darker, similar to a medium pink, and darker on the base. While the heated water is dim pink as far as possible, it is an even shading. The third analysis has six inquiries with the first being What is the state of every potato strip in the wake of absorbing the test tubes for 60 minutes, and which one in limp and which is fresh? The sizes changed on both, the one that absorbed just refined water, grew a smidgen and was fresh, which implies it absorbed water. The sodium chloride got somewhat littler, and was limp which implies it is hypertonic. The subsequent inquiry is How might you clarify the distinction in the states of the potato strips utilizing the idea of tonicity? One of them absorbed some water and the other one didn't. What was the tonicity of the new water arrangement with deference of the potato cells? It absorbed the water however with it having absorbed simply water it didn’t absorb any synthetic substances. What is the tonicity of the salt water arrangement with deference of the potato cell? In this one it absorbed salt and this made the potato limp. How does the adjustments in the states of the potato strips identify with the shrinking of plants? Everything relies upon what the roots and the plant itself is absorbing, for example, synthetic substances. The last inquiry is How does keeping vegetables cool moderate them from withering? The coolness eases back d

How to Write a Research Outline - Learning How to Write a Research Plan

How to Write a Research Outline - Learning How to Write a Research PlanIf you're wondering how to write a research outline, you've come to the right place. An outline is a written plan that explains exactly what you plan to do in your research and how you'll reach your goal.The best way to write an outline is to do it for yourself or with other students in different fields. And when you have a group of people discussing what to do next, you can get a better feel for how to organize a research proposal.To give you a taste of what is involved in writing an outline, consider a research plan on how to write a research paper. This outline contains instructions on how to arrange your various projects and sections. But instead of writing it as a dissertation, this outline includes some very specific instruction on how to write a research paper.Before you start, you need to make sure you've got all of your main ideas in your head. Ask yourself if there's any section that needs to be left out . Keep in mind that the scope of the research project is usually large and you should keep that in mind too.If you'd like to write a research plan, then look at the instructions for an outline on how to write a research paper. But instead of using a term that you've already learned, use a more concrete term that you can think about in your head. Just remember to keep it brief.Then you can start with outlining the various sections in your research plan. And you want to start with a clearly defined section header, which includes the title of the section and its name. Then you can add in the main topic of the section.Keep the information you will include in the outline concise. Most people are not very good at summarizing the information that they're trying to organize. And once you've gathered the information, it's very easy to forget what that data was for and where it came from.So make sure that the research outline you choose is one that you feel comfortable using. Once you've deci ded on a clear, concise, and brief format, you can go ahead and organize your data for each section.

The Passage from the Orient to the Occident - Literature Essay Samples

The establishment of imperialism can be condensed to the rift between the Self and the Other. One can only believe that he or she possesses the right to will the destiny of another by assuming that there is an essential devaluation of that human being, otherwise known as an Otherness. Likewise, this legitimization of tyranny through the use of essentialism is the basis for the oppression of many social categories: race, gender, class and their intersectionalities. This dichotomy proves to be very problematic because various discourses of knowledge, whether it be film, literature or academic writings are only able to provide a subjective viewpoint for one side of the divide. In most cases, race and gender both figure very prominently in determining which side performs as the Self and which is the Other. Women and racial minorities are widely Otherized because they are foreign and antithetical to the idea of a subjective self that a white male audience believes in. Post-colonial critic isms like David Henry Hwang’s M. Butterfly and Wilibrordus Rendra’s The Struggle of the Naga Tribe deconstruct and invert Western notions of an antithetical Eastern Other. In Hwang’s play, a French diplomat named Rene Gallimard carries out a twenty-year-long affair with the feminine and enigmatic Song Liling, a Peking Opera actress. At first glance, their love story mirrors the plot of the opera Madame Butterfly, in which Pinkerton, the American Lieutenant marries a young Japanese woman named Butterfly. The Oriental woman’s love for the foreign devil faithfully endures despite his cruelty. However, in Hwangs work, Gallimard discovers that Song is actually a Communist spy and a man. Song has never loved Gallimard and has been exploiting him as an unknowing informant all along. On the other hand, Rendra’s play takes a much more moralistic approach in narrating the struggle of Abisavam to protect his tribes homeland and copper reserves from the ki ngdom’s own Queen Sri Ratu and her foreign imperialist minion, the Big Boss. Abisavam is assisted in his fight by Carlos, an Occident who is devoted to writing about the Naga tribe and attracting international attention to the matter. In the end, thanks to Carlos activism, the Queen spares the Naga tribe’s village. However, Carlos’ visa has been revoked and the Naga tribe says their tearful goodbyes all the while realizing that this struggle is not over. Many voices from various post-colonial critics argue the disconcerting cultural imperialism that is still prevalent in today’s discourse because marginalized races and genders are forced to objectify and Otherize themselves. Both Hwang and Rendra deconstruct and reverse the racial and sexual Otherness of the oppressed groups by superimposing the empowerment of the Self on their characters. Song and Abisavam’s transformation from Otherized individuals to empowered selves and their capability of bein g the masters of their own destiny allow the respective playwrights’ to debunk the shallow Orientalist archetype of the East. The prevalent Orientalist concept that the East is the feminine antithesis to the West metaphysically establishes imperialism as a violent and phallic gesture. In his seminal discourse on Orientalism, Edward Said reasons that the basis of this supposition is Western exceptionalism and its assumed superiority over the Oriental world. The latter is â€Å"separate† in its â€Å"eccentricity, its backwardness, its silent indifference, its feminine penetrability. †¦ this is why every writer on the Orient †¦ saw the Orient as a locale requiring Western attention, reconstruction, even redemption† (Said, 206). This prevalent epistemological feminization of the Orient justifies the stated Occidental attempts to annex or even occupy regions that they assumed were â€Å"uncivilized† (207). Moreover, the aggressive nature of Western expansion and those countries position as the empowered and masculine Occident exercises its power by raping the Orient’s helpless femininity. Said’s portrayal of imperialism and his use of sexual diction confirms the interrelated Otherness between race and sexuality – a metaphor that each author intricately depicts in M. Butterfly and The Struggle of the Naga Tribe. Contemporary post-colonial critics also deconstruct the established archetype of the feminine throwing off the shackles of colonialism. In his play, Hwang visualizes the power struggle between East and West through Rene and Song’s sexual relationship. He depicts Song as the stereotypical exotic oriental woman, a beautiful and educated Peking Opera singer who, despite her poise, is still weak and dependent on a Western man to â€Å"protect her, take her home, [and] pamper her until she smile[s] (Hwang, 16). In her pretense, Song also contributes to Gallimard’s construction of this o riental fantasy through her description of the â€Å"delicate Oriental woman† whom Song likens to a â€Å"slender lotus blossom† (22). Song’s actions show her deliberate acknowledgement of the notion of Eastern exceptionalism. Despite their emotional intimacy, Song refuses to appear naked in front of Gallimard. Gallimard speculates that due to her sexual modesty and adherence to tradition, she often feels inferior when compared with Western women (31). Those two decades of female submission and self-possession constructed the fantasy of the feminized Oriental Other; an idea which Gallimard swallows unquestioningly. Gallimard’s relationship with Song is very much indicative of his power and dominance over his situation. Prior to their meeting, he suffered from various insecurities due to his unattractive appearance, his bashfulness and his unremarkable performance at the Embassy. After meeting Song, he achieves masculine dominance over Song’s emotio ns, epitomized in his metaphor of piercing a butterfly with a needle (32), and subsequently, political ascendancy when he is promoted to vice consul. Gallimard admits that he finds a strange kind of enjoyment from not answering Song’s letters and heartlessly ignoring her. Hwang eloquently depicts Gallimards new-found masculinity when he muses that his divine blessings are a gift from â€Å"God who creates Eve to serve Adam, who blesses Solomon with his harem but ties Jezebel to a burning bed – that God is a man. And he understands!† (38). Gallimard reacts to his first taste of empowerment by cruelly abusing Song’s affections, therefore symbolically winning in the power struggle between East and West.However, in an unexpected turn, the Orient becomes empowered when Song reveals that she is a man. In this twist, Hwang demystifies the Eastern ideal of feminine vulnerability. Gallimard’s dominance suddenly becomes hollow when he discovers that Song ha s been sabotaging his political power through her espionage activities and when he realizes that that their love affair was a mere pretense. In his testimony, Song – in true Edward Said fashion – deconstructs his armchair political theory on how the West dominates the East and how he exploited that flaw to ensnare Gallimard. Song describes how â€Å"The West has sort of an international rape mentality towards the East. †¦ â€Å"Her mouth says no, but her eyes say yes.† The West thinks of itself as masculine – big guns, big industry, big money – so the East is feminine. †¦ The West believes the East, deep down, wants to be dominated – because a woman can’t think for herself† (83). In this speech, Song deconstructs the very notion of Orientalism as defined by Said, rejecting the presupposed femininity of the East and her need to be dominated and redeemed from barbarity. Because she is actually a man, Song knows exactly how to make herself into the male fantasy of a perfect woman that a man like Gallimard would love. Hwang’s visualization of Song’s empowerment by masculinizing him is further elaborated in the penultimate scene. Song’s boldness is a violent change from his genteel charm in the first half of the play, when the audience perceived him as a woman. As a man, Song becomes the dominant sexual agressor in the relationship as he emotionally abuses Gallimard and strips off his clothes to show his genitals, despite the French man’s constant pleading for him to return to his identity as â€Å"Butterfly.† In his concluding monologue, Gallimard acknowledges his Orientalist fantasies – â€Å"A vision of the Orient. †¦ Of slender women in chong sams and kimonos who die for the love of unworthy foreign devils. †¦ Women willing to sacrifice themselves for the love of a man. Even a man whose love is completely without worth† (91). He comes to the realization that his Orientalist perspective is flawed and fantastical and that he is the only hopeless romantic int his situation. He professes that his â€Å"name is Rene Gallimard – also known as Madame Butterfly,† and finally commits suicide in the hands of a foreign devil, a Chinese man by the name of Song Liling. Overall, from the preciseness of the parallel between M. Butterfly and Orientalism, we can observe Hwang’s deliberate deconstruction of the rigid dichotomy between the Self and the Other in traditional colonial discourse. The relationship between The Struggle of the Naga Tribe and Orientalism is much less pronounced, which is a fascinating example of how a playwright separated by time and space from Said can come to such a similar observation on Otherized Eastern bodies.Rendra creates the binary opposition between the chief of the Naga Tribe Abisavam and the Astinamese Queen Sri Ratu by inverting essentialist notions of masculinity and femini nity.2 Rendra depicts Abisavam as masculine, empowered and potent but untainted by the typical virile hamartia of aggression and domination. He remains a charismatic leader who is steadfast in defending the Naga Tribe’s cultural integrity and copper reserves despite the doubts of his sister, Supaka and his daughter-in-law, Setyawati. However, Abisavams love for peace does not hinder him from confronting the President of Parliament about the nation’s agenda for â€Å"progress.†3 Abisavam frankly proclaims his dislike of the President and Parliament and proceeds to argue that rights of the constituency take precedence over the parliaments agenda. When the government official accuses him of being subversive,4 Abisavam bravely exclaims that â€Å"I want justice – not a change in government† (Rendra, 65). In the end, although the Naga Tribe has been left untouched, the government exiles Carlos, a friend of the tribe who has been writing about their stru ggle in the international media. Abisavam rises above this defeat by facing the audience and questioning â€Å"Why must you be afraid of defending the balance? Defending life brings serenity† (71). Despite his gallantry, Abisavam is not a dominant character and possesses certain â€Å"feminine† Eastern qualities as defined by Orientalism. His leadership and his culture in the Naga Tribe is very inward looking, and may at first fall under the Orientalist assumptions of eccentricity, backwardness and irrationality. The Nagas closeness to the earth and their position as guardians of nature is exotic and serenely indifferent, especially juxtaposed against the cosmopolitan government officials of Astinampuram. Abisavam himself is very introspective and constantly emphasizes that â€Å"Every farmer must own land. †¦ that land owned by a person must be worked by that person. †¦ Farmers must protect their land† (20) in order to prevent the economic dominance of a particular group in society. The Astinamese Queen Sri Ratu is the opposite of Abisavam. She is a character who is constantly swayed by the varying inexpert opinions of her ministers and the enigmatic Big Boss. The dalang5 describes her as having â€Å"the character of a clothesline, nothing to it except what’s hung on it† (26). Likewise, the Sri Ratu is glib, coarse and graceless despite her status as a queen. For instance, she fails to recognize the dalang, who is a very respected figure in Javanese society. She possesses the Otherness of a woman, but none of its mythical charisma and so it is difficult for an audience to sympathize with her. She flaunts a masculine desire for domination, but none of the empowerment that accompanies it. In The Struggle of the Naga Tribe, the ownership of land coupled with the tribes cultural and natural integrity is important in establishing imperialism as a phallic act of domination. Abisavam’s lack of the tendency for ob sessive male domination is depicted through his controlled attitude in managing land. He instead accuses the Sri Ratu’s decision â€Å"to disregard our spirit and rape nature, in the name of commerce† (69). While Hwang inverts the gender of his characters to visualize empowerment, Rendra does it by using essentialist notions of gender as a common point of departure with the audience and plays around with those assumptions in order distinguish thos who are empowered and those who are hungry for power.In general, the two playwrights show their defiance against the imperialistic establishment using Saids method of shifting the archetypal knowledge that proclaims the East as a negative inversion of the West. Due to this misconception, the Orient suffers from a â€Å"sense of estrangement experienced by Orientalists as they dealt with or lived in a culture so profoundly different from their own† (Said, 260). In Orientalism, Said uses Foucault’s method on the d iscipline of the body and considers the example of Islamic Orientalism, which is doomed to forever be scrutinized from a Western Judeo-Christian perspective that threatens its religious primacy and ownership of the Holy Land. Muslims are haunted by â€Å"cultural effrontery, aggravated naturally by the fear that Islamic civilization originally (as well as contemporaneously) continued to stand somehow opposed to the Christian West† (260). The forms of knowledge that various academic works, novels, plays and other literature distributed amongst the East constantly Otherize them. Those discourses in themselves are tools of Occidental bondage to discipline Eastern bodies; establishing specific standards that an individual must obey in order to access the intelligibility to the rest of his identity (Foucault, 155). This tendency is also the reason for Said’s grievance that the East has been reduced to a stereotype of the feminine, backwards and fragile Orient. Both playwrig hts reverse this tendency to â€Å"Otherize themselves† by inviting the audience to view the Oriental character as an empowered Self.Hwang highlights Song’s revelation as a man and his testimony as the reversal of the Oriental mystique and its establishment as an empowered Self. When Gallimard is reunited with Song in Paris, (s)he sidesteps his embrace and starts speaking with the audience instead. This moment serves as one of the first instances when Song intimately converses with the audience over the course of the play. She also defies Gallimard’s pleas for her not to leave, ushers him off stage and tells the audience that she will â€Å"change.† The way she commands the stage is evidence of Song’s newly acquired empowerment previously only reserved for Gallimard (Hwang, 79). When Song delivers her testimony in the French courthouse, she exposes the audience to her intersubjectivity. She narrates the account of her affair with Gallimard from the Orient’s perspective. The audience, who is accustomed to observing the world of the play through Gallimard’s gaze now occupies a different phenomenological space that allows them to gaze at Gallimard through Songs perspective. Song leaves the position of the Other when her character sheds the Oriental feminine mystique and builds an intimate relationship with the audience. However, whereas Hwang elevates Song’s position to the subjectivity of the self, Rendra does the exact opposite and relegates the stereotypical Self into the position of the Other.Rendra presents the Occidental characters in the play – the Ambassadors and the government officials of Astinampuram – using the archetypal and satirical methods normally reserved for Otherized Oriental characters. During the Ambassador’s entrance, Rendra uses comic stereotypes to depicts representatives of various countries that were guilty of neocolonization in Indonesia. For instance, The Ja panese Ambassador Horomoto obsessively repeats the onomatopoeia â€Å"ah-so,† which is not an actual Japanese word but an Indonesian jest on their perception of the Japanese language. To the audience’s further amusement, he is unable to pronounce the letter ‘l’ and says â€Å"Harro, harro!† instead of â€Å"Hello.† The German ambassador, who introduces himself histrionically as â€Å"Herrrr Schmits Schmerrrr† is another comical representation of how Indonesians perceive the German language – with overaccentuated â€Å"err†s and â€Å"itt†s. The Dalang ridicules the German by calling him â€Å"cleverrr† and comments that the â€Å"fly shit isn’t too bad eitherrr† (Rendra, 8). Rendra characterizes the Astinampuram scene with satirical and comical motifs that both Otherize and emphasize their crimes against the country. The Sri Ratu repeatedly credits her stresses to her high blood pressure. Her many ministers also suffer from various diseases, ludicrously admitting to taking up to seventeen pills a day. Their ailments cause them to constantly emphasize the need for â€Å"the most modern hospital in Southeast Asia† to be built in Astinam (27). On the other hand, the realistic characters of the Naga Tribe; Abisavam, Abivara and Carlos, are more genuine and relatable human beings, allowing the audience to vest their sympathies and observe themselves through the lens of the Naga Tribe. Here, we see a change in the paradigm where the Oriental and somewhat â€Å"exotic† characters are presented as the Self and not the Other. These two playwrights, in dealing with post-colonial issues, interchangeably utilize subjectivity and Otherness to complicate the relationship dynamic between the colonizers and the colonized. In his seminal work that uncovered the specter of Orientalism throughout modern discourse, Said argues that the most powerful tool to reverse this is the distribution of knowledge. He believes that writers, playwrights and academics need to reverse the habit of using marginalized genders and races to Otherize themselves. In these two plays, both Hwang and Rendra begin by reaffirming and utilizing the stereotypes of racial and sexual Otherness then reversing them to represent the Otherized characters using the appropriate subjectivity. Hopefully, this epistemological empowerment is a step towards bridging the gap between the Orient and the Occident and will allow us to imagine a world that is not tainted by Otherness. â€Æ'Endnotes1 Apart from the preciseness of the parallel between M. Butterfly and Orientalism, various extrinsic sources also show evidence that Hwang intentionally meant the play as a metaphor based on Said’s theory. In an afterword of the New American Library Edition, David Henry Hwang acknowledges the intellectual weight of the term â€Å"Oriental.† Hwang explains that â€Å"I use the term ‘Or iental’ specifically to denote an exotic or imperialistic view of the East. †¦ The idea of doing a theoretical and deconstructivist Madame Butterfly immediately appealed to me† (95).2 Even though The Struggle of the Naga Tribe is set in the fictional country Astinam, the similarity of the socio-political setting to Indonesia undeniably reaffirms its role as a metaphor for the actual country. During the New Order regime, it was dangerous to openly criticize the government. Thus, the setting of â€Å"Astinam† is a cover that will allow Rendra more freedom in performing the play. In the beginning of the play, the dalang even sarcastically emphasizes that â€Å"This story does not †¦ take place in Indonesia. So don’t get uptight and censor the story† (Rendra, 3). 3 Progress in the economy and infrastructure of Indonesia was seen as the merits of the New Order regime. However, these affirmations of progress were the result of millions of dollar s of foreign aid, mainly from the United States. Thus, even though a national unity state was established under Soeharto, the brand of nationalism prevalent during that era went hand in hand with the role of foreign aid and intervention. On the other hand, in an attempt to establish unity and tighten their grasp on every layer of society, autonomy in culture, language and local customs in various diverse Indonesian provinces were marginalized for the sake of a uniformed â€Å"nationalistic† society (Scott).4 Under Soeharto’s dictatorship, subversion is the worst indictment for any civilian. Under this sentence, many were sent to penal colonies, where they were subjected to torture, forced labour and starvation (Scott).5 The dalang is a significant role especially in wayang kulit shadow puppet performances. In wayang kulit, they perform the dialogues, give cues to the gamelan orchestra and serve as the main puppeteer. In The Struggles of the Naga Tribe, the dalang serve s as the main narrator who controls the flow of characters and scenes. Moreover, they are a very respected occupation in Javanese society, which points to the Sri Ratu’s witlessness when she fails to recognize him. (Art of Indonesia: Tales from the Shadow World) Works Cited1. Art of Indonesia: Tales from the Shadow World. Produced by Christopher Noey. Directed by Andrea Simon. Chicago, IL: Home Vision, 1990. 2. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality. New York: Pantheon, 1978.3. Hatley, Barbara. Javanese performances on an Indonesian stage: contesting culture, embracing change. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press 2008.4. Hwang, David Henry. M. Butterfly. New York, NY: New American Library, 1989. 5. Rendra, W. S. The Struggle of the Naga Tribe: A Play. Trans. Max Lane. New York: St. Martins, 1979.6. Said, Edward William. Orientalism. London: Penguin, 2003. 7. Scott, Margaret. Waging War with Words. Far Eastern Economic Review (Hong Kong) 9 Aug. 1990, Books Special sec.: 26-30.

Current LSAT Score Percentiles

Have even more LSAT score questions? Here are the LSAT Score FAQs - with answers! Â   If youve gotten your LSAT score report back, you may have noticed that under the LSAT Score Data section, theres a percentile ranking based on your score. Many people have no idea what this little number really means! If youre one of them, heres your LSAT score percentile explanation, along with a chart delineating each of the score percentiles based on testers from June 2010 – February 2013. Why Should I Care About My LSAT Score Percentile? Yes, how well youve fared on the LSAT compared to others whove taken the test during your administration isnt the only thing you should be concerned about. In fact, your LSAT score is just one of many things that will be evaluated to make admissions decisions about you. Things like the following attributes listed by LSAC are also considered: Undergraduate GPAUndergraduate course of studyGraduate work, if anyCollege attendedImprovement in grades and grade distributionCollege curricular and extracurricular activitiesEthnic/racial background LSAT Scores By Gender and Ethnicity Individual character and personalityLetters of recommendation/evaluationsWriting skillsPersonal statement or essayWork experience or other postundergraduate experiencesCommunity activitiesMotivation to study and reasons for deciding to study lawState of residencyObstacles that have been overcomePast accomplishments and leadershipAnything else that stands out in an application However, your LSAT score is a means with which to compare you to other students on a very similar scale. Everything else about you is unique! Your LSAT score, within a certain degree of statistical reliability, can be counted on to provide an unbiased look at how you perform on logical, analytical, and reading comprehension questions. Whats a good LSAT score for some of the top schools in the country? LSAT Score Percentiles Explanation When you receive your LSAT score report (they usually come about three weeks after youve tested via email if you have an LSAC.org account and four weeks via snail mail if you dont), then youll see a section called your LSAT Score Data section. In this section, youll see information for every time youve sat for the LSAT in the past five years. Your LSAT scores, your score percentile ranks, the dates youve taken the LSAT, and your LSAT score bands, which are simply the ranges in which you scored, will be reported for every one of your test dates. If youve taken the LSAT more than once, youll see an average LSAT score reported based on every one of your performances, too. Lets say that the percentile rank listed for the test you took in June was an 83%. Your score was a 161. That percentage means that you scored higher than 83% of the test-takers who sat for the June test. Another way of looking at it is that youre in the top 17% of testers for that administration. LSAT Score Percentile Chart for June 2010 – February 2013 Below, youll find the average score percentiles for every tester who took the LSAT between the dates listed above. Its helpful to compare your current LSAT score report to this list to see how you fit into a larger pool of testers. The scaled score is listed to the left and the percentile score is listed to the right. 180: 99.9%179: 99.9%178: 99.9%177: 99.8%176: 99.7%175: 99.5%174: 99.3%173: 99.0%172: 98.6%171: 98.2%170: 97.4%169: 96.6%168: 95.8%167: 94.5%166: 93.2%165: 91.5%164: 89.9%163: 87.7%162: 85.3%161: 83.0%160: 80.3%159: 77.2%158: 73.7%157: 70.8%156: 66.9%155: 63.4%154: 60.2%153: 56.0%152: 51.6%151: 47.8%150: 44.4%149: 40.3%148: 36.8%147: 33.5%146: 30.0%145: 26.7%144: 23.7%143: 20.5%142: 18.1%141: 15.8%140: 13.4%139: 11.6%138: 9.7%137: 8.5%136: 6.9%135: 5.9%134: 4.8%133: 3.9%132: 3.2%131: 2.6%130: 2.1%129: 1.7%128: 1.3%127: 1.1%126: 0.8%125: 0.7%124: 0.5%123: 0.4%122: 0.3%121: 0.3%120: 0.0%

THE LAW OF PROPERTY Free Essay Example, 1500 words

The first is that of implied by common intention easement. This would not apply as it has come to the attention of Mrs. Batsford after the purchase and there was no common intention. The next important implied by way of easement is that of Wheeldon v. Burrows, however this rule merely applies to grant only and so Mr. Brown would not be able to use this rule in his favour as he is reserving the right of easement rather than granting it. The same principle also applies under section 62 of the Law of Property Act 1925, that is it refers merely to grants and not to reservation (Cooke 2006) As far as easements by way of prescription is concerned, it is an established principle that land which belonged to one person cannot be said to create an easement and thus Mr. Brown would not be able to rely on prescription. The next are is that of Prescription at common law which means long use. However such would require a servient owner to be separate from dominant which is not present on the facts (Cooke 2006; Chapelle 2006) Thus it would not be possible for Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on THE LAW OF PROPERTY or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Brown to claim easements in respect of the underground use of land of Mrs. Batsford after the purchase and a restriction can be be place on him by Mrs. Batsford. (iii) Under the unregistered and registered land principles, the transfer ownership or change in titles after conveyance differs and as such there have been various reforms brought about by the LRA. It is important to mention since Mr. Brown had conveyed the property, the rights and interests in the piece of land that had been conveyed had passed to Mrs. Batsford. Furthermore, even though there would be differing level of time when the title would pass, the interests had passed as the land had been conveyed and any property found therein was to be the property of Mrs. Batsford. Thus it would be irrelevant whether the land is registered or not as Mr. Brown had conveyed the property to Mrs. Batsford and she had acquired all the rights and liabilities of the piece of land. Thus she would be the rightful owner of the gold chain and claim her right of the chain unless it can be proved by Mr. Brown that he was the owner and had lost the chain. Ownership of Mr. Brown would be important because if such is shown then since the interest is not covered under the land conveyance. However, on the facts it is seen that no such ownership exists and Mr. Brown had merely found it and thus he was possibly a trespasser when he found the chain and so cannot claim the gold chain to be his.

Rhetorical and Fallacies in the Article “The Media...

In 2000, Pulitzer-winning journalist Richard Rhodes published an article titled â€Å"The Media Violence Myth,† through the â€Å"American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression,† a liberal establishment dedicated to the protection of the First Amendment right to free speech. Despite coming from a background plagued with violence and abuse, Rhodes has studied nuclear history and weapons use for over 20 years and has developed a unique opinion about the media’s effect on public violence. In â€Å"The Media Violence Myth,† Rhodes aims to convince his readers that the media does not contribute to violence through its portrayal. He attempts this in discrediting his key opponent, Dave Grossman, through ad hominem, red herrings, and violent diction. These†¦show more content†¦In pointing out that Sohn serves as a psychologist, Rhodes demands respect for this learned individual, whom he insinuates is on a higher level of credibility than the average man in a bad suit. In doing so Rhodes attempts to boost his audience’s trust in Sohn, which would in turn increase Rhodes’ own authority in the eyes of the readers because the two are in agreement regarding the subject of violence in the media. To the left-leaning, primary audience, this strategy is most likely to be effective. Because the affiliated readers already scorn those who support censorship, the idea of Grossman being less aesthetically (and thus logically) sensible than Sohn acts as an affirmation of their beliefs; Rhodes is jumping on the bandwagon and giving his audience what it wants to hear. However, a secondary audience would most likely question Rhodes’ use of ad hominem as a rhetorical strategy. The description of Grossman as â€Å"a little goofy in a bad suit† acts as a personal judgment and has nothing to do with the arguments regarding media violence; how a person looks likely does not affect the validity of what they have to say. Any reader not swept up in the passion that accompanies Rhodes’ views could recognize this assessment as a diversion from the real topic. In trying to decrease Grossman’s credibility and thus increase his own authority, Rhodes essentially achieves the opposite; the skepticism that a more moderate, secondary audience bringsShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesseries: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning

IFRS Based Accounting Standards †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the IFRS Based Accounting Standards. Answer: Introduction: Australian securities and investment commission has asked companies to focus on providing relevant information that are meaningful and useful to their users of financial reports. It is required by auditor and directors to focus in accounting policy choice and assets value. ASIC is of the view that most of companies make use of unrealistic assumptions for testing values of assets and application of inappropriate approaches in areas of revenue recognition. Risk criteria forms the basis of reviewing financial reports that helps in determining compliance with accounting standards and Corporation act. For addressing issues, ASIC features some of zones by declaring range of concentrations of public organization and listed organizations. It is stated by commissioner of ASIC that chiefs and evaluator as per past announcing periods should concentrate on decisions of bookkeeping strategies and estimating benefits (Albu et al. 2014). AASB 136 states that it is required by entity to conduct impairment test for assets that will ensure that assets are not overvalued. Value of assets that can be compared to recoverable sum and associated benefits are no involved in financial reports. Recoverable value of assets for disposal and value in use is more than assets fair value less costs. Such assets might involve goodwill and intangible assets. Any organization showing signs of repairing assets should undertake impairment test (Oulasvirta 2014). Moreover, test can also be undertaken for assets where they do not make any income such as cash generating unit. There are internal and external sources of indication for carrying out assets impairment. Evidence of Impairment testing of assets of Myer Holdings limited Considering the case of Myer Holdings limited, it is not possible to recognize goodwill from acquisition of business by separating cash generating unit. Therefore, it is required for business to allocate goodwill. Asset flow- It can be identified from the given data relating to flow of assets that they are consistent or have increased by little amount. There is no evidence of impairment test and it is not required to conduct test of impairment as evident by decreasing trend of stores. Establishment of indication of impairment is difficult from the given data. Asset base- There has not been much change in assets base of Myer holdings limited and for the past few years, they have remained more or less same in value. Considering the asset base for undertraining impairment, there is clear indication that assets are not required to be impaired (Bond et al. 2016). Turnover of assets- It can be ascertained from Myer holding ltd financial statements that asset turnover ratio has ranged from 1.40 to 1.80. During the period under consideration, there is no significant movement of asset turnover ratio. Therefore, impairment of test is not indicated using this particular test. Therefore, considering the above strategies, it is certainly not possible for undertaking impairment. However, looking at the departmental store of company in Frankston, there are some indications for impairment. Myer has planned for altering the colours of their departmental stores for competing with Amazon. Changing system of storing products would also be altered that will result in more free space (Preiato et al. 2014). All the aspects discussed above are considered as partial construction that qualifies determination of impairment of assets according to AASB 136. Outlining process for determining asset impairment Calculation of recoverable amount of assets and value in use is done by Myer holdings ltd for determining assets impairment test. Forecasting cash flow is done based on model that is approved by management of organization. Extrapolation of cash flow for more than five years is done using the terminal growth rate. Some of the assumptions for calculation are given below: Terminal growth rate is assumed at 2.5% Gross profit operating margin is assumed to be at 39.5%. Pre-tax discount rate is assumed to be at 14.4%. Management of organization decides future flow of cash resulting from cash generating unit of assets and their carrying value. Future cash flow is estimated based on budget and value can be considerably lower than budget. In order to determine existence of impairment of assets, separate examination of each stores of company is done. If any indication of impairment of stores are indicated using the test, then the management of organization measures recoverable value of unit and make comparison with value in use (Lawson et al. 2013). Information is required in determining asset impairment Information required for determining impairment test of Myer Holdings ltd are as follows: Recoverable amount of assets within the intention of estimating is expressed as percentage that is higher among the fair value of assets deducted by selling price and fair value in use. Loss from impairment of assets is recognized as cost under misfortune and benefit account. Against the perceived revaluation, affected resources are revalued under immaterial resource (IAS 38) and IAS 16 PPE (IAS 16) (Guthrie and Pang 2013). It is essential to determine recoverable values and value in use relating to impairment of assets. When the recoverable amount is lower than carrying amount, then only cash generating unit is considered for impairment. Under the balance sheet statement the loss amount resulting from asset impairment is deducted from asset closing value. Moreover, under revenue statements, loss arising from impairment is treated as loss. It is necessary on part of organization to switch off loss arising from impairment relating to goodwill in past period. Furthermore, for assessing recoverable measures of asset impairment and they are require to utilize the information. For acknowledging misfortune of debilitation, it is required by company to have wide divulgences. Management flexibility in determining impairment of assets It is not anticipated by ASIC that directors would be looking for bookkeeping and budgetary report and in this regard, they are required to look for counselling support and clarification. There needs to be suitable examination and documentation of data and they need to be delivered on convenient premise. Nature of money related data is strengthened in market and focusses on preparation of budgetary report. It is certainly possible that management of organization might not be expert in accounting and they can seek accounting advice from accounting firms and accounting experts. This will assist management in clearly presenting their financial statements. Myer Holding limited carry out asset impairment test at least once in a year as found in the case study. Impairment test is undertaken according to AASB 136. While completing the assets impairment tests, it can be ascertained that Myer holding is very adaptable. Survey is conducted by organization regarding assets carrying value and wh ether there exists any evidence of impairment. Test relating to impedance is not guaranteed as per pre requisites of AASB 136. Different level of uncertainties is decided by level of management that help in giving assurance of the fact that cash generating unit of Myer holdings would be advantageous without money bound streams. Therefore, it can be identified from the evidence depicted by case study and discussing the relevant facts deduce that there is active engagement on part of company for determining impairment test annually that are in compliance with AASB 136. Conclusion: From the above analysis, it can be concluded that Myer holdings limited determine the asset impairment tests by complying with the requirement of AASB 136. For measuring the loss arising from impairment, it is required by company to measure the value in use and recoverable value in the event of indication of asset impairment. Therefore, it can be concluded that management of Myer holdings limited is flexible when it comes to determine the loss arising from impairment and carrying out asset impairment test. Reference: Adibah Wan Ismail, W., Anuar Kamarudin, K., van Zijl, T. and Dunstan, K., 2013. Earnings quality and the adoption of IFRS-based accounting standards: Evidence from an emerging market.Asian Review of Accounting,21(1), pp.53-73. Albu, C.N., Albu, N. and Alexander, D., 2014. When global accounting standards meet the local contextInsights from an emerging economy.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,25(6), pp.489-510. Bond, D., Govendir, B. and Wells, P., 2016. An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.259-288. Guthrie, J. and Pang, T.T., 2013. Disclosure of Goodwill Impairment under AASB 136 from 20052010.Australian Accounting Review,23(3), pp.216-231. Lawson, R.A., Blocher, E.J., Brewer, P.C., Cokins, G., Sorensen, J.E., Stout, D.E., Sundem, G.L., Wolcott, S.K. and Wouters, M.J., 2013. Focusing accounting curricula on students' long-run careers: Recommendations for an integrated competency-based framework for accounting education.Issues in Accounting Education,29(2), pp.295-317. Oulasvirta, L., 2014. The reluctance of a developed country to choose International Public Sector Accounting Standards of the IFAC. A critical case study.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,25(3), pp.272-285. Preiato, J., Brown, P. and Tarca, A., 2015. A comparison of between?country measures of legal setting and enforcement of accounting standards.Journal of Business Finance Accounting,42(1-2), pp.1-50. Yongqing, L., Eddie, I. and Jinghui, L., 2013. The impact of carbon emissions on asset values and operating cash flows: evidence from Australian listed companies.Journal of modern Accounting and Auditing,9(1), p.94.

Effect of Piston Vibration on Engine Performance Free-Sample

Question: Write a Literaure Review on "Effect of Piston Vibration on Engine Performance". Answer: Literature Review Technological advancement has greatly contributed to the stiff competition currently being experienced in the automotive manufacturing industry. Fuel economy and engine efficiency have become critical design concerns in the industry. Admittedly, demand for efficient automobiles has pushed engineers to rethink harder. One of the topics in which a lot of research is currently being undertaken is the engine vibration. There is need to produce efficient and vibration-free cars. Theoretically, this is possible but practically, there would always be some form of vibration as the engine operates (Johnson, 2003). However, the unwarranted engine vibration has often been a draw back on maximizing the performance of the engines. Most research engineers agree wholeheartedly that engine vibration is among the major issues of concern in automobiles. Notably, there are two main types of engine vibrations; namely, the torsional and longitudinal vibration (Ramachandran Padmanaban, 2012). The former is caused by the fluctuating pressures on the crankshaft and its mountings while the later is produced due to the piston and cylinder reciprocating movement and their corresponding weights. Therefore, in a nutshell, according to Ramachandran Padmanaban (2012), an engine would mostly vibrate due to the unbalanced reciprocating parts; the frequent change in gas pressure inside the cylinder; the resulting forces due to the engine parts loads and the material features of the pistons. Now, many a researchers have greatly made attempts to point out at the possible effects the engine vibration, specifically pistons, have on the engine performance. In fact, the piston vibration can be attributed to the frequent changing of the mass moment of inertia due to the cyclic fashion in which the center of mass of the piston moves (Guzzomi, 2007). Consequently, the performance of the engine is grossly affected. In fact, according to Guzzomi (2007), about a half of engine losses are attributed to the piston rings, skirt and connecting pins. But what exactly causes these vibrations? As mentioned earlier, RamachandranPadmanaban (2012) opine that the vibrations are due to: (1) the unbalanced reciprocating parts; (2) the frequent change in gas pressure within the cylinder; (3) the forces due to the engine reciprocation; and (4) the material features of the piston parts. However, to cement our understanding of the phenomenon, it is crucial to illustrate the structural configuration of the pistons. The piston is normally the moving part of the engine; its movement is actuated by the forces produced by the fuel combustion. It normally moves up and down from the bottom dead centre to the top dead centre. During the power cycle, a lot of heat is produced, which causes the piston to expand, hence some dimensional clearance is always allowed between the piston and the cylinder wall. Consequently, the pistons must often be made of lighter and thermally conductive materials like Aluminum. In fact it is the most commonly used piston material. However, like with all other materials, Aluminum expands when heated; therefore, provisions are often made to allow smooth movement of the pistons up and down within the cylinder bore without allowing excessive power loss due to compression loss or for the piston to cease in the cylinder (University of Windsor, 2016). Notably, according to University of Windsor (2016), the piston features include: piston pins, head, skirt and rings (ring grooves, ring lands, and pistons ring). The piston pin connects the piston to the connecting rod. The skirt, located near the crankshaft, aligns the piston as it moves in the cylinder bore. The groove ensures that the piston rings are restricted especially during engine operation. The modern piston heads are bowl-shaped unlike the traditional flat designs. This often creates a vortex flow of fuel hence allowing perfect mixing of air and fuel (George, 2017). Consequently, the perfect air-fuel mixing has a considerable improvement in the mec hanical power of the engine as all fuel injected into the cylinder get burnt. Besides, such piston designs are now being used in the gasoline powered engines as it encourages direct mixing as well (George, 2017). Additionally, as mentioned earlier, the piston material greatly affects the performance of the engine. The piston is normally subjected to fluctuations in pressure, thermal stress and mechanical loads. Therefore, the piston material selected is often one with greater structural integrity. More often, it must withstand those constraints vis--vis the manufacturing cost. Cast Aluminum alloy are often the compromised material. For instance, the lightweight property of Aluminum would reduce the loads hence ultimately the vibrations during operation are minimized. Admittedly, however, operational performance of most of these top-class piston designs often uncovers loopholes which would otherwise largely remain hidden during design. The most annoying engine problems, according to Carley (2013) include: noise, vibration and harshness (NVH). These three operational issues must be minimized to ensure efficient and safe performance of the engine. Now, as earlier mentioned, one of the contributing factors in engine vibration is the unbalanced forces due to the rotating parts of the piston Al Guzzomi (2007). Carley (2013) agrees with this notion and even goes ahead to confirm that the speeds of the engines with unbalanced parts can greatly magnify these vibrations as the centripetal forces increase. In fact, Carley (2013) bluntly states that if the rotational speed is doubled, for instance, then the centripetal force would quadruple causing more vibrations in the engine. Additionally, the position of pistons centre of gravity also has an effect on the vibration. Notably, the piston pin is normally slightly positioned outside the geometrical axis of the piston head to easily change the motion from the pistons reciprocation to rotational movement of the crankshaft. Connectedly, therefore, any unbalanced mass in the head would trickle down to the crankshaft. The crankshaft often tries to rotate about its central axis but with inherited problems, the rotation would not be smooth thanks to the transferable vibrations. Consequently, this sets the entire engine into a massive vibration which hinders smooth ride. Additionally, the vibrations, if not checked and rectified in time, can create a mountain of problems with the ultimate one being engine shutdown. For instance, as the piston head vibrates, the rings and seals are impounded upon by the impact causing more gas leaks. These leaks are often the major cause of mechanical power losses. In a diesel engine , where a particular compression ratio must be reached before power cycle takes over, there would be possible delays leading to inconsistent firing and misfiring thanks to the leaks. Additionally, the resulting crankshafts torsion vibration may cause material fatigue and stresses which ultimately leads to cracks and grand-scale failure. Secondly, Al Guzzomi (2007) attributes that the structural characteristics and configuration of the cylinders can be a potential cause of engine vibration. Engineering Explained (2015) cements this notion by pointing at the inline cylinder configuration loopholes. More often, the inline type does not balance the secondary forces (Engineering Explained, 2015) leading to engine vibration. Furthermore, according to Pente at al (2013) there is another occurring phenomenon in the piston technically referred to as piston slap. This describes a situation where the piston diameter is smaller than that of the cylinder bore. In such a case, therefore, free movement of the piston is allowed causing knocking sounds as the piston impacts on the cylinder walls (Pente et al, 2013). This traverse movement of the piston causes a lot of noise and consequently, too much vibration results. Admittedly, wear rate would normally go up. However, there have been substantive researches done in this area with the aim of actually troubleshooting the phenomenon. Further more, some brilliant minds discovered techniques to analyze the engine vibration. Griffiths Skorecki (1964) discovered interesting facts about the vibration of the single-cylinder engine. They painstakingly investigated and uncovered that diesel engines would likely produce more noise when the cooling system temperature is very low. But how is this related to the piston vibration? Actually the piston slap was monitored using a motor which was connected to the engine; other sources of vibration were eliminated and focus was on the effect of the piston slap (Griffiths Slorecki, 1964).Notably, noise results from vibrations and as mentioned earlier, the piston slap is often the common source. Haddad Pullen(1974) discovered a vibration monitoring technique. The phenomenon of piston slap could also be investigated using oscillographic and simulation technique to determine its relative magnitude, compared with the other noise sources of the engine (Haddad Pullen, 1974). Furthermore, it has been discovered that this source of noise is critical when it comes to analyzing the performance of the engines hence uncovering real-time techniques is one step in improving the engine performance. Chabot, L et al (2000) also contributed by giving the much needed insights on noise and vibration optimization of a petrol engine. In their study, they revealed how the engine noise and vibration could be optimized. They used a case to monitor the dynamic behavior of a 1.6 litre gasoline engine. According to Chabot et al (2000), the main objective was to reduce the low frequency radiated noise from the cylinder block. Zheng et al (2001) conducted a FEM/BEM analysis of diesel piston-slap induced ship hull vibration and underwater noise. Zheng et al (2001) employed finite element method to simulate the vibration response of the hull due to the excitations of diesel piston-slap and vertical inertia reciprocating force. Gerges, S et al. (2000) agree that the piston slap is the major contributor to noise and vibration in engines. The cause of vibration, in this case, is attributed to the cyclic variation in the gas pressure. Gerges, S et al(2000) further assert that the magnitude of vibration can significantly be magnified by the increased combustion activities. Now, there is another phenomenon, known as cycle-to-cycle variations, that occurs during piston-head-and-fuel-air-mixture engagement. According to Aydin (2011) by observing the cylinder pressure versus time measurements from a spark ignition engine, an interesting and substantial variation can be uncovered. Admittedly, the pressure development is uniquely related to the combustion process such that increased combustion translates to higher pressures in the cylinder, which increases the impact force on the piston head. Now, as Aydin (2011) points out, the pressures also vary from cylinder to cylinder. Therefore, vibrations due to the piston movement subsequently may also vary from cylinder to cylinder. Notably, however, Mechanical Engineers continue to grapple with these phenomena in the engines. There are a dozen designs of the pistons alone. Each with design features that boost the operational efficiency and safety of the engines. Thanks to the modern design tools, modern and sophisticated pistons are being manufactured. For example, the current design has a wave-like head in the crown (Lockridge, 2016). According to Lockridge (2016) there are six ridges at the centre of the piston such that spraying occurs between the ridges. This ensures that less soot is formed and the fuel is burnt completely. The technology is seen to be a game changer in the industry. However, even as concerns are being shifted to the design and development of pistons that integrate fuel economy and engine efficiency, manufacturing cost is normally not ignored. Actually, there have been a dozen proposals but after considering the cost implications, more often, these ideas are abandoned. Importantly, however , improvement of piston designs would still require these innovative approaches. Besides, alternatively, the search for piston materials which are more superior to the existing ones, in terms of properties, is still a work-in-progress. Furthermore, the electric car technology, as has been pointed out by many scholars, would still not provide a stiff competition to the ICE engines as the technology is still at an infantile stage. Hence, the automakers still have the grace period to make the necessary improvements in the existing technology, that is, the ICE engines. However, certainly, as far as internal combustion engines are still here with us, more sophisticated designs would still be realized in the future and the engineers will never stop to produce more efficient car engines. References Ramachandran, T Padmanaban, K. (2012). Review on Internal Combustion Engine Vibrations and Mountings. Dindigul, Tamilnadu. Available at: https://www.ijeset.com/media/8N5-IJESET0202516.pdf [Accessed: 9/4/2017] Guzzomi , A.L et al. (2007).Variable Inertia Effects of an Engine Including Piston Friction and a Crank or gudgeon pin offset. The University of Western Australia. Available at: https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/files/1489255/11941_PID11941.pdf University of Windsor.(2016). Piston and Piston Rings. Available at: https://courses.washington.edu/engr100/Section_Wei/engine/UofWindsorManual/Piston%20and%20Piston%20Rings.htm George, P. (2017). How does piston shape affect combustion? Available at: https://auto.howstuffworks.com/piston-shape-affect-combustion1.htm Carley, L. (2013). Maintaining Your Balance: Engine Building Tips to Reduce NVH and Increase Life. Available at: https://www.enginebuildermag.com/2013/11/maintaining-your-balance-engine-building-tips-to-reduce-nvh-and-increase-life/ Engineering Explained. (2015).The Pros And Cons Of Different Engine Types. Available at: https://www.carthrottle.com/post/engineering-explained-the-pros-and-cons-of-different-engine-types/ Pente, S et at.(2013). Vibrational Analysis of a VCR Diesel Engine: A Review. Available at: https://www.ijetae.com/files/Volume3Issue6/IJETAE_0613_74.pdf Griffiths, J J.Skorecki, J. (1964). Some aspects of vibration of a single cylinder diesel engine. Journal of sound and vibration vol.1 (345-364). Haddad, D Pullen, L.(1974). Piston slap as source of noise and vibration in diesel engine. Journal of sound and vibration 34(2), (249-260). Chabotm, L.. et al. (2000). Noise and Vibration Optimization of a Gasoline Engine. Fifth Ricardo Software International User Conference, Detroit. Zheng, Het al. (2001). FEM/BEM analysis of diesel piston-slap induced ship hull vibration and underwater noise. Gerges, Set al. (2000). A Literature Review of Diesel Engine Noise with Emphasis on Piston Slap. Online journal. Available at: https://iiav.org/ijav/content/volumes/5_2000_1108041287056607/vol_1/307_firstpage_164321287057558.pdf Aydin,K. (2011).Effect of Engine Parameters on Cyclic Variations in Spark Ignition Engines. Available at: https://web.firat.edu.tr/iats/cd/subjects/Automotive/ATE-14.pdf Johnson, L. (2003). Theory: Reciprocating Engine Vibration. Available at: https://www.dssmicro.com/theory/th_recip_vibs.htm Lockridge, D. (2016). Volvo Talks about Piston Technology in Latest Engines. Available at: https://www.truckinginfo.com/channel/fuel-smarts/article/story/2016/06/volvo-talks-about-piston-technology-in-latest-engines.aspx

The Empire State Building Essays - Midtown Manhattan,

The Empire State Building The Empire State Building The granddaddy of all skyscrapers and now a National Historic Landmark, the Empire State Building (ESB), with its central Manhattan location, offers the best views of New York City. It is still one of the world's tallest buildings. This New York icon was completed in 1931. Its famous Art Deco spire, visible throughout much of New York, is immortalized in countless movies, including King Kong and Sleepless in Seattle. The Empire State Building is located in Manhattan at 350 Fifth Avenue, between Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth Street. The buildings splendor and lift, its very being remain a magical presence, a cynosure for the citys residents, a Mecca for visitor. The idea for the empire State Building emerged from the culture and politics of New York in the early twentieth century, as Democratic presidential candidate Al smith spearheaded plans to erect the worlds tallest skyscraper in a competition with founder of the Chrysler Corp. The construction of the Empire State Building began in March of 1930. It was completed 14 months later in May 1931. It was designed by the architectural firm of Shreve, Lamb, it is 1,250 feet to 102nd floor observatory; area of site is 79,288 square feet. Its structure materials include steel, concrete and brick. Its exterior materials include Indiana limestone and granite, trimmed with aluminum and chrome-nickel steel from the 6th floor to the top. Its interior lobby materials are ceiling high marble, imported from France, Italy, Belgium, and Germany. The foundation of the ESB is special that is strong enough to help holding this building up. When foundation was dug, and then a cast-iron sill was set into a base. A hollow, cylindrical column, were box columns with a core selection the heaviest rolled columns, was bolted perpendicular to the sill, When a pair of adjoining post was in place, a lintel was bolted to line them. The process continued horizontally and vertically, floors were laid, and a new style of building resulted. Interior spaces were a series of self-contained boxes, each an island, entire of itself. Since the units were self-supporting, there was no need for thick walls to support the load of the building, as a result, large expanses of windows punctuated by delicate cast-iron columns created a rhythmic balance outside and well-lit spaces inside. (Banister, 1975) No only because its majesty that made it a miracle, but because of the harmony of design, with all the elements balanced in true classical form, is sheer elegance. Its style is Art Deco. Art Deco Architect in America took the squares, circles, and triangles of plant geometry and merged them with the cone, cube, and sphere of solid geometry to create their own sacred geometry. All of those can be see from the Empire State building. . The shape of the Empire State Building is modeled from a pencil held skyward. Polygons are seen throughout the entire building, inside and out. The most noticeable being about the windows, they are rectangular in shape. Average window size is 42 time 68-1/2 tall. The building top was outfitted with elaborate lighting to call attention to itself while enhancing the nighttime skyline with the play of light. Stainless steel, which uses in the ESB for the mullions that race up the sides, is one of the great secrets of the building subtlety and aesthetic satis faction. On The Empire State Building the base and up to the second setback is stone that has been cut into sets of vertical, convex bands, rather like a three-dimensional scallop motif. These bands make the lower part of the building appear stouter, and although they are the same limestone as the rest of the building, they nevertheless add coloration by virtue of the shadows they cast. The midsection seems firmer, more solid. From it, the upper tower rises unencumbered. The top five floors were

Interior Design essays

Interior Design essays In their article, Interior design education within a human ecological framework, Kaup, Anderson and Honey (2007) argue for an interdisciplinary model of interior design education that would incorporate the study of human ecology. Kaup, Anderson and Honey contend that such an approach would enhance the overall skill set of interior designers, allowing them to provide a greater benefit to businesses, homeowners and communities, while also addressing some of the perceived training gaps in current interior design education. While Kaup, Anderson and Honey (2007) structure their article as an argumentative essay, they rely heavily on a literature-review format to help cement their points. To begin their argument, Kaup, Anderson and Honey define human ecology as the study of human beings, their environments and human-environment interactions from a holistic perspective (p. 45). Human ecology incorporates the science of human behavior study with the art of creating functional design to enhance how humans thrive in their environments. In short, the authors argue that students who study human ecology as part of their interior design curriculum will be exposed to such diverse fields as anthropology, archeology, architecture, biology, demography and more (p. 46). This would provide a more complete education than most interior design students are currently receiving at U.S. colleges, Kaup, Anderson and Honey contend. According to Kaup, Anderson and Honey (2007), state licensing of interior designers has been increasing steadily since the 1960s, and the Council for Interior Design Accreditation has established minimum standards that accredited colleges must adhere to in the construct and delivery of their programs. Those standards, however, leave colleges a fair degree of latitude in deciding which disciplines to align their programs with. For example, some colleges emphasize the artistic element of interior design, ...